Role of maternal Xenopus syntabulin in germ plasm aggregation and primordial germ cell specification

Oh, Denise; Houston, Douglas

doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.006

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Singlecell transcriptome shows that the germline of Xenopus is evolutionarily closer to that of zebrafish than to humans and mice. 45 In some model organisms, including Xenopus, [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] zebrafish, [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] and chicken, [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] their PGCs are specified via the maternally inherited germ plasm, including vasa and nanos, during the first several cleavages. In contrast, in mammals, the PGCs are specified by induction during early embryo development.…”

Section: Precursors For the Gametes: Human Primordial Germ Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germline stem cells in human

Cheng

Shang

Zhou

2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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The germline cells are essential for the propagation of human beings, thus essential for the survival of mankind. The germline stem cells, as a unique cell type, generate various states of germ stem cells and then differentiate into specialized cells, spermatozoa and ova, for producing offspring, while self-renew to generate more stem cells. Abnormal development of germline stem cells often causes severe diseases in humans, including infertility and cancer. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) first emerge during early embryonic development, migrate into the gentile ridge, and then join in the formation of gonads. In males, they differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells, which give rise to spermatozoa via meiosis from the onset of puberty, while in females, the female germline stem cells (FGSCs) retain stemness in the ovary and initiate meiosis to generate oocytes. Primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) can be induced in vitro from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on current advances in these embryonic and adult germline stem cells, and the induced PGCLCs in humans, provide an overview of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and differentiation of the germline stem cells and outline their physiological functions, pathological implications, and clinical applications.

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Section: Precursors For the Gametes: Human Primordial Germ Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germline stem cells in human

Cheng

Shang

Zhou

2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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“…Total RNA was prepared from oocytes and embryos (pools of three per sample) using proteinase K digestion followed by treatment with RNase-free DNase as described ( Oh and Houston, 2017 ). Real-time RT-PCR was carried out using the LightCycler™ 480 system (Roche Applied Science).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants

et al. 2022

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Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions (e.g., amphibian dorsal morula, mammalian anterior visceral endoderm) require stabilized nuclear Beta-catenin, but the role of localised Wnt ligand signalling activity in their establishment remains unclear. In Xenopus, dorsal Beta-catenin is initiated by vegetal microtubule-mediated symmetry-breaking in the fertilised egg: “cortical rotation”. Localised wnt11b mRNA and ligand-independent activators of Beta-catenin have been implicated in dorsal Beta-catenin activation, but the extent that each contributes to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here we describe a CRISPR-mediated maternal-effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L. We find that wnt11b is maternally required for robust dorsal axis formation and for timely gastrulation, and zygotically for left-right asymmetry. Importantly, we show that vegetal microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs. Additionally, we show that activated Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 and Dishevelled lack behaviour consistent with roles in early Beta-catenin stabilisation, and that neither is regulated by Wnt11b. This work thus implicates Wnt11b in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than in comprising the determinants themselves.

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“…Total RNA was prepared from oocytes, embryos and explants using proteinase K and then treated with RNase-free DNase as described (Oh and Houston, 2017). Real-time RT-PCR was done using the LightCycler™ 480 system (Roche Applied Science).…”

Section: Analysis Of Gene Expression Using Real-time Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation duringXenopusaxis formation: analysis of maternal-effectwnt11bmutants

Houston

Elliott

Coppenrath

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions, namely the dorsal morula, yolk syncytial layer, and distal hypoblast/anterior visceral endoderm (in amphibians, teleosts and mammals, respectively), require the localised stabilisation of nuclear Beta-catenin (Ctnnb1), implying that localised Wnt/Beta-catenin signalling activity is critical in their establishment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the stabilisation of Beta-catenin in this context may be initiated independently of secreted Wnt growth factor activity. In Xenopus, dorsal Beta-catenin stabilisation is initiated by a requisite microtubule-mediated symmetry-breaking event in the fertilised egg: ′cortical rotation′. Vegetally-localised wnt11b mRNA has been implicated upstream of Beta-catenin in this context, as has the dorsal enrichment of Wnt ligand-independent activators of Beta-catenin, but the extent that each of these processes contribute to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here we describe a maternal effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L, generated by CRISPR mutagenesis, and demonstrate a maternal requirement for timely and complete gastrulation morphogenesis and a zygotic requirement for proper left-right asymmetry. We also show that a subset of maternal wnt11b mutants have axis and dorsal gene expression defects, but that Wnt11b likely does not act through Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 or through Dishevelled, which we additionally show (using exogenous constructs) do not exhibit patterns of activity fully consistent with roles in early Beta-catenin stabilisation. Instead, we find that microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs, leading to less organised and directed vegetal microtubule arrays. In conclusion, we propose that Wnt11b signals to the cytoskeleton in the egg or early zygote to enable robust cortical rotation, and thus acts in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than as a component or effector of the determinants themselves.

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Role of maternal Xenopus syntabulin in germ plasm aggregation and primordial germ cell specification

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Germline stem cells in human

Germline stem cells in human

Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants

Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation duringXenopusaxis formation: analysis of maternal-effectwnt11bmutants

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