Role of &lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/i&gt; in thyroiditis in pregnant women

Valizadeh, G R; Hosseinkhan, Nazanin; Kashaniyan, Maryam; Rafiei-Sefiddashti, Raheleh; Hadighi, Ramtin

doi:10.15789/2220-7619-rot-1772

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The abnormalities in the levels of FT3, FT4 and TSH hormones may increase the risks of pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, placental abruption and low birth weights. The results of the current study found that seropositive IgG cases had highly elevated TPO antibodies that agrees with other studies Kankova et al 7 and Valizadeh et al, 27 . According to the effects of thyroid disorder on both mother and fetus, TPO antibodies screening should be included during pregnancy with performing the thyroid function tests and checkup by a gynecologist must be considered.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Pregnant Women - Duhok City-Kurdistan Region- Iraq

Murad

EISSA

2023

dmj

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Background: Toxoplasmosis is a common zoonotic disease has a global distribution and can infect many hosts causes several clinical symptoms in humans and attack many body organs leading to hormonal and behavioral alterations in infected hosts. Latent or dormant form toxoplasmosis is the common form that can affect pregnancy course. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) belongs to the known risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and its effects on autoimmune thyroid disease among pregnant women.Methods: A total of 220 pregnant women were included in the current study from August 1st 2021 to February 1st, 2022. Toxoplasma status in pregnant women was detected for seropositivity of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies using ELISA technique. Free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPO) were assessed by ELISA. The blood parameters of examined pregnant women were measured by a Coulter counter machine.Results: Overall, 95(43.2%) of the examined pregnant women had seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and 28(12.7%) were screened positive for AITD. Out of 95 seropositive IgG antibody cases, 18 (18.9%) had AITD. Out of 220 pregnant, 90 (40.9%) had normal thyroid, while thyroid disorders are classified to subclinical hypothyroidism, clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and clinical hyperthyroidism, 64(29.1%), 41 (18.6%), 22(10.0%), and 3 (1.4%) respectively. From 95 seropositive anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies, high rates were detected in subclinical hypothyroidism 35(36.8%), followed by 31(32.6%) with normal thyroid, and 19 (20.0%) had clinical hypothyroidism, while only,9 (9.5%), and1(1.1%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism, and clinical hyperthyroidism respectively. High infection rate was recorded among women in third trimester of pregnancy 60 (44.4%) compared to lower infection rate in first trimester women 20(40.0%). The IgG antibodies seropositive women had more often highly elevated TPO antibodies than negative ones, and the latent toxoplasmosis was associated disturbance of thyroid hormones. The antibodies seropositive women had high total leucocyte count, high lymphocytes, high count of granulocytes, low total red blood cells count and low hemoglobin level. Conclusions:The current study indicated that latent toxoplasmosis is associated with alteration in thyroid functions and autoimmunity during pregnancy. Pregnant women should be tested for FT3, FT4, TSH hormones, and TPO antibodies with measurement of hematological parameters in order to reduce the risk in both mother and fetus and provides early therapies.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Pregnant Women - Duhok City-Kurdistan Region- Iraq

Murad

EISSA

2023

dmj

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“…In the current study, we determined that there were more pregnant women with thyroid disorders than healthy thyroid function; this aligned with Valizadah et al, 45 in which T. gondii was associated with changes in thyroid hormones and TSH disturbance. In the current study, the highest rates of thyroid diseases were reported in women with seropositive Toxoplasma antibodies, rather than seronegative ones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In the current study, out of 110 seropositive Toxoplasma women, 35(31.8%) had AITD, aligning with a study conducted by Kankova et al 46 ; specifically, Kankova et al 46 reported that 27.1% of 127 AITD women were positive for toxoplasmosis, T. gondii had an effect on thyroid production, and changes in thyroid hormone levels with highly elevated TPO antibodies were found among Toxoplasma IgG positive women compared to Toxoplasma seronegative women. Additionally, Valizada et al 45 tested 1248 pregnant women and determined that acute and latent toxoplasmosis (LT) was observed in 3.4% and 29.6% of the women, respectively; the overall frequency of thyroid diseases was 18.8%, whereas, approximately 27.9% of patients with LT had thyroid diseases. Further, 13.8% of pregnant women with LT only had AITD; a significant correlation and high elevation of TPO antibodies was also found among the seropositive Toxoplasma IgG antibody group compared to those in the Toxoplasma seronegative group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Toxoplasmosis in Association with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy in Duhok, Iraq

Murad¹,

Eassa²

2023

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is widely distributed in the human population and is responsible for corresponding global morbidity. Specifically, T. gondii causes toxoplasmosis, leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, and neural disorders. This parasite attacks different human organs and glands, such as the thyroid gland, and causes various corresponding health issues. Recently, studies have established a link between T. gondii and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), which contributes to preterm delivery, miscarriage, low birth weight, and death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and its association with AITD among pregnant women. A total of 180 blood samples were collected from pregnant women and examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients were within the age range of 15–50 years old, and lived in Duhok City, Iraq; samples and clinical information was collected from August 2021 to February 2022. The corresponding blood samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody, Toxoplasma IgG avidity, FT3, FT4, and TSH hormones, and TPO, Tg, and TSHR antibodies. Overall, our results showed that out of 180 pregnant women, 110 (61.1%) were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody; specifically, 25 (22.7%) and 85 (77.3%) had recent and past infections, respectively. Approximately 54.4% (98) of the pregnant women had thyroid disorders; further, 22 (12.2%), 13 (7.2%), and 8 (4.4%) women had TPO, Tg, and TSHR antibodies, respectively. A total of 43 (23.8%) patients screened positive for AITD. Out of the 110 Toxoplasma IgG–positive women, 35 (31.8%) had AITD. The older women, rural residents, restaurant food consumers, and women with cat contact had relatively high infection rates. Toxoplasma seropositive women had more elevated autoantibodies than seronegative ones. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high rate of toxoplasmosis and a corresponding association with thyroid hormones changes and AITD in pregnant women in Duhok, Iraq. Further, it is necessary to reduce overall infection rates through effective health and educational programs. Therefore, it is essential to measure Toxoplasma antibodies, screen for thyroid hormones and autoantibodies, and encourage gynecologist visits to reduce the risks to mothers and fetuses.

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Potential role of latent toxoplasmosis in inducing thyroid disorders with relevance to autoimmune thyroid disease and interleukin-33 level during pregnancy

Murad

Eassa

2023

Int J One Health

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Background and Aim: Latent toxoplasmosis is the most frequently occurring parasitic infection worldwide, which causes hormonal and behavioral changes that seriously affect pregnant women. It has also been linked to several autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). This study aimed to investigate the association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and thyroid dysfunction, considering the impact of latent toxoplasmosis on the prevalence of maternal AITD and interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels in infected and non-infected pregnant women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 400 pregnant women aged 15–50 in the 8th–36th gestational week. Toxoplasma status was confirmed by detecting anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies. Recent and past chronic toxoplasmosis status was differentiated using the Toxoplasma IgG avidity test. Free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were determined to evaluate thyroid disorders. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and TSH receptor were assessed to distinguish patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders from those with other thyroid diseases. We divided the subjects into four groups (Toxo+ and abnormal hormone level, Toxo– and normal hormone level, Toxo+ and normal hormone level, and Toxo– and abnormal hormone level) and evaluated their IL-33 levels to investigate its role during the infection. All the tests were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results showed that (205/400, 51.2%) samples were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Of these, (25/205, 12.2%) and (180/195, 87.8%) had recent and past chronic infections, respectively. High infection rates were reported among rural dwellers (150/400, 37.5%) and those in their 3rd trimester (110/400, 27.5%). Of the 205 seropositive patients, (131/205, 63.9%) had thyroid disorders, among which (69/205, 33.7%) and (119/205, 58.0%) had abnormal FT3 and TSH hormone levels, respectively. In contrast, out of 195 Toxoplasma seronegative samples, (99/195, 50.8%) had thyroid disorders; (48/195, 24.6%) and (90/195, 46.2%) had abnormal FT3 and TSH hormone levels, respectively. Groups with abnormal FT3 and TSH levels had significantly higher seropositive anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies (p = 0.01). Women with seropositive anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies had a high hypothyroidism rate (115/205, 56.1%) compared with those with seronegative anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies (86/195, 44.1%). We found an association between toxoplasmosis and thyroid status (p < 0.05). Out of 400 samples, 85 (85/400, 21.25%) had AITD. Further, (58/205, 28.3%) of women with seropositive anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies had AITD compared to (27/195, 13.85%) in the seronegative ones. We found a significant association between toxoplasmosis and AITD (p < 0.05). The IL-33 level was highest in the Toxo+ and abnormal hormone level group (210.86 ± 44.39 pg/mL) and lowest in the Toxo-and normal hormone level group (22.27 ± 8.41 pg/mL). Conclusion: Our results suggest that latent toxoplasmosis was significantly associated with thyroid hormone secretion, which might stimulate the immune system, leading to the development of AITD among pregnant women. Furthermore, the T. gondii seroprevalence was positively correlated with pregnant patients who were rural dwellers and in their 3rd trimester. Keywords: autoimmune thyroiditis disease, interleukin-33, pregnancy, thyroid hormones, toxoplasmosis.

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Role of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in thyroiditis in pregnant women

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Pregnant Women - Duhok City-Kurdistan Region- Iraq

Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Pregnant Women - Duhok City-Kurdistan Region- Iraq

Detection of Toxoplasmosis in Association with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy in Duhok, Iraq

Potential role of latent toxoplasmosis in inducing thyroid disorders with relevance to autoimmune thyroid disease and interleukin-33 level during pregnancy

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