Abstract:Investigating Keggin heteropolyacid embedded in SiO2, TiO2 and ZrO2 showed that both Brønsted (B) and Lewis (L) acid sites are needed to achieve the alkylation of resorcinol with MTBE. An optimum B to L site ratio allows maximizing the performance.
“…Solid acid catalysts composed of transition metals have in their structure groups of atoms called Bronsted bases or Lewis acids [12] . According to Tao et al [13] , the acid and base sites present on the catalyst surface directly affect the synthesis of biodiesel.…”
Highlights
Easy obtention of Cu
3
(MoO
4
)
2
(OH)
2
by sonochemistry route at room temperature.
Urchin-like morphology was obtained in aqueous solution using the sonochemistry method for copper molybdate.
High conversion rate in the esterification of oleic acid using the Cu
3
(MoO
4
)
2
(OH)
2
as a solid catalyst.
“…Solid acid catalysts composed of transition metals have in their structure groups of atoms called Bronsted bases or Lewis acids [12] . According to Tao et al [13] , the acid and base sites present on the catalyst surface directly affect the synthesis of biodiesel.…”
Highlights
Easy obtention of Cu
3
(MoO
4
)
2
(OH)
2
by sonochemistry route at room temperature.
Urchin-like morphology was obtained in aqueous solution using the sonochemistry method for copper molybdate.
High conversion rate in the esterification of oleic acid using the Cu
3
(MoO
4
)
2
(OH)
2
as a solid catalyst.
Six silica-supported phosphotungstic acid catalysts (PTA/SiO2) of different composition (20–70 wt% PTA content) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, BET, BJH, NH3-TPD methods, FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine and 1H MAS NMR techniques. The new composite catalysts were first applied in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of toluene with 1-octene as a benchmark process under batch conditions in order to screen their activity and recyclability. The combined analytical techniques together with the catalytic studies enabled the identification of the main factors affecting the activity of the catalysts. Based on these preliminary experiments, the best performing catalyst system (50 wt% PTA/SiO2) was investigated in continuous flow mode using an in-house-made flow reactor. The thorough screening of the reaction conditions (temperature, toluene/1-octene molar ratio and flow rate) provided firm evidence that the 50 wt% PTA/SiO2 composite is highly active, selective and stable catalyst under mild reaction conditions even at elevated flow rate. Additionally, the catalyst used in the flow mode could successfully be regenerated and reused in the alkylation process.
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