Role of lee waves in the formation of solid polar stratospheric clouds: Case studies from February 1997

Rivière, Emmanuel; Huret, Nathalie; Taupin, F. G.; Renard, Jean‐Baptiste; Pirre, Michel; Eckermann, Stephen D.; Larsen, N.; Deshler, Terry; Lefèvre, Frank; Payan, Sébastien; Camy‐Peyret, C.

doi:10.1029/1999jd900908

Cited by 29 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…These observations may have implications for the characteristics of lee‐wave PSCs. Carslaw et al [1999] show that more than 40% of the Arctic vortex can be processed by lee‐wave PSCs; studies of these clouds normally assume that all of the aerosol is able to freeze during such events [ Carslaw et al , 1998; Tsias et al , 1999; Wirth et al , 1999; Rivière et al , 2000]. Lee waves have a much greater impact if they are able to produce widespread SAT [ Carslaw et al , 1999].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To explain the subsequent nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particle evolution, Carslaw et al [1998] and Wirth et al [1999] assume that the sulfuric acid does not freeze along with the ice: instead, it persists as a liquid layer on the outside of the ice particles. Other studies have assumed that all the sulfuric acid is converted to SAT [ Rivière et al , 2000]. If sulfate is frozen by lee waves, their overall effect on PSC evolution is much larger: cumulative lee‐wave processing can cause more than 40% of the vortex to contain SAT [ Carslaw et al , 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid‐phase particles during the 1999–2000 Arctic winter

et al. 2002

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[1] In situ Multiangle Spectrometer Probe (MASP) particle measurements have been analyzed to determine the typical behavior of sulfate particles during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign. The study has explored variations in the total particle concentration measured by MASP. A new analysis method has been developed in which increases of the MASP concentration can be interpreted as growth of small particles (those which are smaller than 0.2 mm in radius at midlatitudes). The method also allows all of the MASP measurements made during the SOLVE campaign to be incorporated in a single analysis. At all levels of the stratosphere, the total MASP concentration (and therefore aerosol growth) varies continuously with temperature. This behavior is well-reproduced by assuming that the sulfate aerosols are liquid solutions, but cannot be reproduced if the aerosol is assumed to be frozen. At sufficiently cold temperatures, larger increases in the MASP concentration are consistently seen; the observed onset temperature for this growth is in good agreement with model expectations for liquid ternary solutions. Liquid-like behavior is apparent for all measurements made in the Arctic during SOLVE, both inside and outside the vortex, and even at the coldest temperatures sampled during the campaign. At the levels with the coldest measured temperatures, which cause maximum particle sizes and thus the greatest total MASP concentrations, 90% of the particles grow as liquids. Therefore, the freezing that occurred during the 1999-2000 Arctic winter was selective, with most of the particles remaining liquid even in the presence of a small number of frozen particles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid‐phase particles during the 1999–2000 Arctic winter

et al. 2002

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“…This model allows the time evolution of all the species, PSCs and aerosol size distributions, and chemical rate coefficients to be followed along air parcel trajectories. A more detailed description of the model is given by Rivière et al [2000].…”

Section: Instrumentation and Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in the two cases, all the points of the lines of sight, for star or Moon zenith angles above 90°, are well inside the vortex, at least for altitudes below 30 km. All the profiles are interpreted with the Lagrangian model MiPLaSMO (Microphysical and Photochemical Lagrangian Stratospheric Model of Ozone) [ Rivière et al , 2000].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the interaction between nitrogen and halogen species in the Arctic polar vortex during THESEO and THESEO 2000

et al. 2002

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[1] Large disagreements between measured and simulated NO 2 have been observed several times in the Arctic polar vortex. Here we report on the comparison of two sets of nighttime balloonborne measurements of the couple (OClO, NO 2 ) with Lagrangian model outputs in order to study the interactions between halogen and nitrogen species. Those measurements were characterized by the simultaneous presence of significant amounts of both species. Large disagreements are observed between modeled and measured NO 2 . Very surprisingly, good agreement can be achieved for OClO in spite of the supposed strong coupling between these two species. The only simultaneous agreement between model and measurements for both species occurs in the case of denoxified conditions, i.e., when there is no interaction between halogen and nitrogen compounds. Furthermore, agreement for OClO cannot be obtained if a source for NO 2 is assumed to fit the measurements of this specie. This result shows that some uncertainties still exist in the interaction between nitrogen and halogen species.

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“…While there is field (David et al, 1998;Dye et al, 1992), laboratory (Anthony et al, 1995;Carleton et al, 1997;Koop et al, 1997b), and theoretical evidence that background sulfate aerosols often remain liquid down to very low temperatures, this is not always the case. Results from both the laboratory (Iraci et al, 1995;Koop et al, 1995;Middlebrook et al, 1993;Molina et al, 1993) and the field (Beyerle et al, 2001;Gobbi and Adriani, 1993;Larsen et al, 1995;Nagai et al, 1997;Rivière et al, 2000;Rosen et al, 1993;Sassen et al, 1994) suggest that sulfate aerosols could, even if only in small numbers, exist in a frozen state. According to the bulk thermodynamics (Gable et al, 1950;Koop et al, 1997a), SAT is the stable phase of such aerosols under most stratospheric conditions.…”

Section: European Geosciences Union 2003mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice condensation on sulfuric acid tetrahydrate: Implications for polar stratospheric ice clouds

et al. 2003

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Abstract. The mechanism of ice nucleation to form Type 2 PSCs is important for controlling the ice particle size and hence the possible dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere. This paper probes heterogeneous ice nucleation on sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT). Laboratory experiments were performed using a thin-film, high-vacuum apparatus in which the condensed phase is monitored via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and water pressure is monitored with the combination of an MKS baratron and an ionization gauge. Results show that SAT is an efficient ice nucleus with a critical ice saturation ratio of S * ice = 1.3 to 1.02 over the temperature range 169.8-194.5 K. This corresponds to a necessary supercooling of 0.1-1.3 K below the ice frost point. The laboratory data is used as input for a microphysical/photochemical model to probe the effect that this heterogeneous nucleation mechanism could have on Type 2 PSC formation and stratospheric dehydration. In the model simulations, even a very small number of SAT particles (e.g., 10 −3 cm −3 ) result in ice nucleation on SAT as the dominant mechanism for Type 2 PSC formation. As a result, Type 2 PSC formation is more widespread, leading to larger-scale dehydration. The characteristics of the clouds are controlled by the assumed number of SAT particles present, demonstrating that a proper treatment of SAT is critical for correctly modeling Type 2 PSC formation and stratospheric dehydration.

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Role of lee waves in the formation of solid polar stratospheric clouds: Case studies from February 1997

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid‐phase particles during the 1999–2000 Arctic winter

Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid‐phase particles during the 1999–2000 Arctic winter

On the interaction between nitrogen and halogen species in the Arctic polar vortex during THESEO and THESEO 2000

Ice condensation on sulfuric acid tetrahydrate: Implications for polar stratospheric ice clouds

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