Role of Leaf Sheath Lignification and Anatomy in Resistance Against Southern Chinch Bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) in St. Augustinegrass

Rangasamy, Murugesan; Rathinasabapathi, Bala; McAuslane, Heather J.; Cherry, Ronald H.; Nagata, Russell T.

doi:10.1603/029.102.0156

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Although chinch bugs make salivary sheaths, sometimes quite elaborate ones (Anderson et al 2006, Rangasamy et al 2009), they do so through the tightly wrapped immature leaf sheaths in grass blades. Thus, each salivary sheath traverses multiple young leaves separated by layers of air space.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salivary sheaths of western and southern chinch bug are frequently branched as they move through the leaf tissue (Anderson et al 2006, Rangasamy et al 2009), and in the case of the western chinch bug, terminate primarily in the vascular tissue (Anderson et al 2006). The target tissue of southern chinch bug stylets has not been deÞnitively identiÞed; however, stylets routinely pass through up to Þve leaf sheaths as the insects attempt to reach the youngest meristematic tissue within a leaf shoot (Rangasamy et al 2009). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae) : Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances

Backus

Rangasamy

Stamm

et al. 2013

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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Electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring has been used extensively to elucidate mechanisms of resistance in plants to insect herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Characterization of waveforms produced by insects during stylet probing is essential to the application of this technology. In the studies described herein, a four-channel Backus and Bennett AC-DC monitor was used to characterize EPG waveforms produced by adults of two economically important chinch bug species: southern chinch bug, Blissus insuhris Barber, feeding on St. Augustinegrass, and western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber, feeding on buffalograss. This is only the third time a heteropteran species has been recorded by using EPG; it is also the first recording of adult heteropterans, and the first of Blissidae. Probing of chinch bugs was recorded with either AC or DC applied voltage, no applied voltage, or voltage switched between AC and DC mid-recording, at input impedances ranging from 106 to 1010 Ω, plus 1013 Ω, to develop a waveform library. Waveforms exhibited by western and southern chinch bugs were similar, and both showed long periods of putative pathway and ingestion phases (typical of salivary sheath feeders) interspersed with shorter phases, termed transitional J wave and interruption. The J wave is suspected to be an Χ wave, that is, in EPG parlance, a stereotypical transition waveform that marks contact with a preferred ingestion tissue. The flexibility of using multiple input impedances with the AC-DC monitor was valuable for determining the electrical origin (resistance vs. electromotive force components) of the chinch bug waveforms. It was concluded that an input impedance of 107 Ω, with either DC or AC applied voltage, is optimal to detect all resistanceand electromotive force-component waveforms produced during chinch bug probing. Knowledge of electrical origins suggested hypothesized biological meanings of the waveforms, before time-intensive future correlation experiments by using histology, microscopy, and other techniques.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae) : Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances

Backus

Rangasamy

Stamm

et al. 2013

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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“…These findings indicate that the host plant may serve as a direct source of gut symbiont Burkholderia for B . insularis that feed by piercing through the innermost leaf sheath [14]. Plant-to-insect transmission is supported also by the rearing experiment using live St. Augustinegrass plants, showing that survivorship of B .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae), is a plant-phloem-feeding pest of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze [13,14]. This chinch bug harbors a high density of exocellular Burkholderia within its tubular midgut crypts [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Transmission of the Gut Symbiont Burkholderia to Phloem-Feeding Blissus insularis

Buss

Boucias

2016

PLoS ONE

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The plant-phloem-feeding Blissus insularis possesses specialized midgut crypts, which harbor a dense population of the exocellular bacterial symbiont Burkholderia. Most individual B. insularis harbor a single Burkholderia ribotype in their midgut crypts; however, a diverse Burkholderia community exists within a host population. To understand the mechanism underlying the consistent occurrence of various Burkholderia in B. insularis and their specific association, we investigated potential gut symbiont transmission routes. PCR amplification detected a low titer of Burkholderia in adult reproductive tracts; however, fluorescence in situ hybridization assays failed to produce detectable signals in these tracts. Furthermore, no Burkholderia-specific PCR signals were detected in eggs and neonates, suggesting that it is unlikely that B. insularis prenatally transmits gut symbionts via ovarioles. In rearing experiments, most nymphs reared on St. Augustinegrass treated with cultured Burkholderia harbored the cultured Burkholderia strains. Burkholderia was detected in the untreated host grass of B. insularis, and most nymphs reared on untreated grass harbored a Burkholderia ribotype that was closely related to a plant-associated Burkholderia strain. These findings revealed that B. insularis neonates acquired Burkholderia primarily from the environment (i.e., plants and soils), even though the possibility of acquisition via egg surface cannot be excluded. In addition, our study explains how the diverse Burkholderia symbiont community in B. insularis populations can be maintained.

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“…1), in the Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) (12). This insect, a primary pest of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze (20,21), feeds on the grass phloem, resulting in diminished grass growth, yellowing and brown blade color, and the eventual death of grass patches (22,23). Investigations of multiple B. insularis field populations demonstrated that complex Burkholderia ribotypes were present within and among the populations (12).…”

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Culturing and Characterization of Gut Symbiont Burkholderia spp. from the Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)

Buss

Boucias

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The phloem-feeding Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis, harbors a high density of the exocellular bacterial symbiont Burkholderia in the lumen of specialized midgut crypts. Here we developed an organ culture method that initially involved incubating the B. insularis crypts in osmotically balanced insect cell culture medium. This approach enabled the crypt-inhabiting Burkholderia spp. to make a transition to an in vitro environment and to be subsequently cultured in standard bacteriological media. Examinations using ribotyping and BOX-PCR fingerprinting techniques demonstrated that most in vitro-produced bacterial cultures were identical to their crypt-inhabiting Burkholderia counterparts. Genomic and physiological analyses of gut-symbiotic Burkholderia spp. that were isolated individually from two separate B. insularis laboratory colonies revealed that the majority of individual insects harbored a single Burkholderia ribotype in their midgut crypts, resulting in a diverse Burkholderia community within each colony. The diversity was also exhibited by the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these Burkholderia cultures. Access to cultures of crypt-inhabiting bacteria provides an opportunity to investigate the interaction between symbiotic Burkholderia spp. and the B. insularis host. Furthermore, the culturing method provides an alternative strategy for establishing in vitro cultures of other fastidious insect-associated bacterial symbionts. M any plant-sap-feeding insects harbor exocellular bacterial symbionts in their digestive tracts (1, 2). These symbionts usually colonize specialized regions of the midgut, are transmitted to offspring by egg smearing, symbiont-containing capsules, or coprophagy, and play a role in host insect fitness (3-7). Exocellular symbionts can provide nutrients to supplement the unbalanced diets of their host insects (1, 8-10)m thus conferring fitness advantages (e.g., body size, coloration, development, and growth) (11-13). In addition, these symbionts have been reported to elicit symbiont-mediated plant specialization (14), to modulate plant virus transmission (15, 16), and/or to induce protection against pathogenic gut bacteria (17), protozoan parasites (18), and synthetic insecticides (19). IMPORTANCE An organ culture method was developed to establish in vitro cultures of a fastidiousRecently, Burkholderia spp. have been detected in the lumens of specialized crypts, at the fourth region of the midgut (M4) (Fig. 1), in the Southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) (12). This insect, a primary pest of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze (20,21), feeds on the grass phloem, resulting in diminished grass growth, yellowing and brown blade color, and the eventual death of grass patches (22, 23). Investigations of multiple B. insularis field populations demonstrated that complex Burkholderia ribotypes were present within and among the populations (12). The copy number of the Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene increased ...

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Role of Leaf Sheath Lignification and Anatomy in Resistance Against Southern Chinch Bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) in St. Augustinegrass

Cited by 31 publications

References 30 publications

Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae) : Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances

Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae) : Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances

Environmental Transmission of the Gut Symbiont Burkholderia to Phloem-Feeding Blissus insularis

Culturing and Characterization of Gut Symbiont Burkholderia spp. from the Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis (Hemiptera: Blissidae)

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