Role of intestinal microbiota in the development of cardiovascular disease: focus on metabolites and markers of increased intestinal permeability and inflammation of the intestinal wall

Abstract

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown a close relationship between the composition and function of the microbiota and human health, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Increased intestinal permeability is one of the factors that can influence the state of the microbiota and also lead to the penetration of bacteria and their toxins into the bloodstream, causing systemic inflammation. Chronic inflammation, in turn, is accompanied by increased levels of cytokines, which can cause endothelial damage and lead to endothelial dysfunction. Metabolites of some bacteria can reduce the production of molecules that regulate vascular tone, such as nitric oxide, which can lead to vasoconstriction and hypertension. The review focuses on the connection between calprotectin, zonulin, and trimethylamine oxide with the risk of CVD, and also highlights possible methods for correcting the composition and function of the microbiota for the prevention of CVD.