Role of Interleukin-6 in Vascular Health and Disease

Villar-Fincheira, Paulina; Sanhueza–Olivares, Fernanda; Norambuena-Soto, Ignacio; Cancino-Arenas, Nicole; Hernandez-Vargas, Felipe; Troncoso, Rodrigo; Gabrielli, Luigi; Chiong, Mario

doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.641734

Cited by 83 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…A large number of studies have shown that IL-6 plays a key role in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis ( 20 , 21 ). IL-6 promotes the proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes as well as expression of adhesion molecules by vascular endothelial cells to enhance the local inflammatory response ( 22 ). In addition, IL-6 induces liver cells to synthesize fibrinogen and CRP ( 23 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Immunoinflammation and Coronary Physiology Evaluated by Quantitative Flow Ratio in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Liu

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Background: The association between coronary physiology and immunoinflammation has not been investigated. We performed a retrospective study using quantitative flow ratio (QFR) to evaluate the interaction between immunoinflammatory biomarkers and coronary physiology.Methods: A total of 172 patients with CAD who underwent coronary arteriography (CAG) and QFR were continuously enrolled from May 2020 to February 2021. As a quantitative indicator of coronary physiology, QFR can reflect the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis. The target vessel measured by QFR was defined as that with the most severe lesions. Significant coronary anatomical stenosis was defined as 70% stenosis in the target vessel.Results: Compared with the QFR > 0.8 group, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were increased and CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were decreased in the QFR ≤ 0.8 group. In addition, patients with DS ≤ 70% had higher IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and decreased CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts than those with DS > 70%. Logistic regression analysis indicated IL-6 to be an independent predictor of significant coronary functional and anatomic stenosis (odds ratio, 1.125; 95% CI, 1.059–1.196; P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that IL-6 > 6.36 was predictive of QFR ≤ 0.8 of the target vessel. The combination of IL-6, IL-10 and CD4 improved the value for predicting QFR ≤ 0.8 of the target vessel (AUC, 0.737; 95% CI, 0.661–0.810).Conclusion: Among immunoinflammatory biomarkers, IL-6 was independently associated with a higher risk of QFR ≤ 0.8 of the target vessel. The combination of immunoinflammatory biomarkers was highly predictive of significant coronary functional and anatomic stenosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Immunoinflammation and Coronary Physiology Evaluated by Quantitative Flow Ratio in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Liu

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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“…Another exercise-induced cytokine (and classical myokine [ 187 ]) with prominent effects on the brain, and brain mitochondria, is interleukin-6 (IL-6) [ 188 ]. While IL-6 has been shown to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis in astrocytes [ 189 ], its mode of action is complex and can result in both pro- and anti-inflammatory outcomes [ 183 , 190 ].…”

Section: How Do Muscles Communicate With the Brain?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection

Burtscher

Millet

Place

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson’s disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle–brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle–brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.

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“…These facts indicate that exercise has some effects on the secretion of sIL-6R, and that the effects are different depending on the type of exercise. It was shown that cycling is a strenuous exercise that results in increased sIL-6R secretion [ 83 ]. Generally, mild exercise is better for health than strenuous exercise is, which may be due to the effects of sIL-6R secretion into plasma.…”

Section: Classical Signaling and Trans -Signaling Of Il-6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism

Nara

Watanabe

2021

IJMS

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Interleukin (IL)-6 has been studied since its discovery for its role in health and diseases. It is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 was reported as an exacerbating factor in coronavirus disease. In recent years, it has become clear that the function of muscle-derived IL-6 is different from what has been reported so far. Exercise is accompanied by skeletal muscle contraction, during which, several bioactive substances, collectively named myokines, are secreted from the muscles. Many reports have shown that IL-6 is the most abundant myokine. Interestingly, it was indicated that IL-6 plays opposing roles as a myokine and as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. In this review, we discuss why IL-6 has different functions, the signaling mode of hyper-IL-6 via soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and the involvement of soluble glycoprotein 130 in the suppressive effect of hyper-IL-6. Furthermore, the involvement of a disintegrin and metalloprotease family molecules in the secretion of sIL-6R is described. One of the functions of muscle-derived IL-6 is lipid metabolism in the liver. However, the differences between the functions of IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and the functions of muscle-derived IL-6 are unclear. Although the involvement of myokines in lipid metabolism in adipocytes was previously discussed, little is known about the direct relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle-derived IL-6. This review is the first to discuss the relationship between the function of IL-6 in diseases and the function of muscle-derived IL-6, focusing on IL-6 signaling and lipid metabolism in the liver.

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Role of Interleukin-6 in Vascular Health and Disease

Cited by 83 publications

References 147 publications

Relationship Between Immunoinflammation and Coronary Physiology Evaluated by Quantitative Flow Ratio in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Relationship Between Immunoinflammation and Coronary Physiology Evaluated by Quantitative Flow Ratio in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism

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