Role of interleukin-4 and their antagonistic effect in asthma

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways, characterize by wheezing cough, chest tightness along with inflammation of airway and shortness of breath. Allergens like environmental substance are predispose asthmatics patients to allergy. Mast cells produced interleukin (IL)- 4 which either activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT-6) pathway that involved in differentiation of na ve T-cells to TH2 or activation of TH2 cells indirectly. The aim of the current context is to present role of IL-4 in asthma and effect as antagonist. IL-4 results in increased mucus production and involve in IgE synthesis from B cells. IL4 facilitate chemotaxis and aid in displaying of VCAM-1 which attract eosinophil basophils monocytes T-lymphocytes to blood vessel. IL4 inhibit apoptosis either by preventing decrease in BCL-2 level or binding of FasL to Fas (cd32) receptor which result in acute allergic response. Elevated level of IL-4 has greatly adverse impact on asthmatic patients so by decreasing the level of IL-4 will greatly reduce asthma phenotype.

The effects of graphene oxide addition on low velocity impact performance of aramid fiber reinforced epoxy composites

“…Consequently, by augmenting the toughness and resistance of the matrix material, the load‐bearing capacity of the composite material can be increased. In recent years, there has been significant research and investigation into nanomodified composite materials, primarily because of their exceptional mechanical properties 31–35 . The studies primarily focus on enhancing the fundamental mechanical properties of aramid materials through the addition of graphene 36–38 .…”