Role of Immune Reactions in Response to Toxic Metals

Turk, J.L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-01085-1_7

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hypersensitivity induced by metal cations usually is of the delayed, cell-mediated type (type IV), that clinically causes eczema, e.g., contact dernatitis to Cr3+, or allergic granulomatosis, as for Be24 and Zr4+. However, granulomas may also arise as a foreign-body reaction without any immunological mechanisms being involved (358,850). Al3+ hydroxide is known to cause this type of granulomas (356,360,(851)(852)(853), as are poorly soluble salts of Be2+ (358) and Zr4+ (353,354) when administered to nonsensitized individuals.…”

Section: A13+ No Investigations Of Their Al3+ Content Is Knownmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.

Ganrot¹

1986

Environ Health Perspect

203

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Literature regarding the biochemistry of aluminum and eight similar ions is reviewed. Close and hitherto unknown similarities were found. A hypothetical model is presented for the metabolism, based on documented direct observations of Al3+ and analogies from other ions. Main characteristics are low intestinal absorption, rapid urinary excretion, and slow tissue uptake, mostly in skeleton and reticuloendothelial cells. Intracellular Al3+ is probably first confined in the lysosomes but then slowly accumulates in the cell nucleus and chromatin. Large, long-lived cells, e.g., neurons, may be the most liable to this accumulation. In heterochromatin, Al3+ levels can be found comparable to those used in leather tannage. It is proposed that an accumulation may take place at a subcellular level without any significant increase in the corresponding tissue concentration. The possible effects of this accumulation are discussed. As Al3+ is neurotoxic, the brain metabolism is most interesting. The normal and the lethally toxic brain levels of Al3+ are well documented and differ only by a factor of 3-10. The normal brain uptake of Al3+ is estimated from data on intestinal uptake of Al3+ and brain uptake of radionuclides of similar ions administered intravenously. The uptake is very slow, 1 mg in 36 years, and is consistent with an assumption that Al3+ taken up by the brain cannot be eliminated and is therefore accumulated. The possibility that Al3+ may cause or contribute to some specific diseases, most of them related to aging, is discussed with the proposed metabolic picture in mind.

show abstract

Section: A13+ No Investigations Of Their Al3+ Content Is Knownmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.

Ganrot¹

1986

Environ Health Perspect

203

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Zirconium

Ghosh

Sharma

Talukder

1992

Biol Trace Elem Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The action of Zirconium (Zr) on biological systems presents an enigma. It is ubiquitous, being present in nature in amounts higher than most trace elements. It is taken up by plants from soil and water and accumulated in certain tissues. The entry into animal systems in vivo is related to the mode of exposure and the concentration in the surrounding environment. Retention is initially in soft tissues and then slowly in the bone. The metal is able to cross the blood brain-barrier and is deposited in the brain and the placental barrier to enter milk. The daily human uptake has been known to be as high as 125 mg. The level of toxicity has been found to be moderately low, both in histological and cytological studies. The toxic effects induced by very high concentrations are nonspecific in nature. Despite the presence and retention in relatively high quantities in biological systems, Zr has not yet been associated with any specific metabolic function. Very little information is available about its interaction with the compounds of the genetical systems, such as nucleic acids. Apparently, the metal is neither an essential nor toxic element in the conventional sense. However, the increasing exposure to this element through its increasing use in new materials and following radioactive fallout, has increased the importance of the study of its effects on living organisms. The tetravalent nature of the ionic state and the high stability of the compounds formed are important factors that need to be considered, as also the accumulation of this element in the brain, reminiscent of the relationship between Al3+ and Alzheimer's disease.

show abstract

Role of Immune Reactions in Response to Toxic Metals

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.

Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.

Zirconium

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About