Role of<i>DIVARICATA</i>in the control of dorsoventral asymmetry in<i>Antirrhinum</i>flowers

Galego, Lisete; Almeida, Jorge Rady de

doi:10.1101/gad.221002

Cited by 180 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(43 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

202

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…CIN expression is strongest in the developing lip, suggesting that it may function in a region-specific manner to promote growth. Such regional specific effects on growth have also been described for other TCP transcription factors, such as CYC and DICH (Luo et al, 1996(Luo et al, , 1999Galego and Almeida, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…along the dorsal-ventral axis of the flower (Galego and Almeida, 2002). CIN may interact similarly with the family of MIX proteins to establish some of the distinctions within the petal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several genes encoding transcription factors have been identified that influence these patterns. The CYCLOIDEA (CYC), DICHOTOMA (DICH), and DIVARICATA (DIV) genes encode TCP or MYB proteins that specify differences along the dorsoventral axis (Luo et al, 1996(Luo et al, , 1999Galego and Almeida, 2002). MIXTA (MIX) encodes a MYB-related protein that promotes conical cell differentiation in the lobes of the petal epidermis (Noda et al, 1994), while LIP genes encode APETALA2-like proteins that most strongly affect development in the lip region of the flower (Keck et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

CINCINNATA Controls Both Cell Differentiation and Growth in Petal Lobes and Leaves of Antirrhinum

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To understand how differentiation and growth may be coordinated during development, we have studied the action of the CINCINNATA (CIN) gene of Antirrhinum. We show that in addition to affecting leaf lamina growth, CIN affects epidermal cell differentiation and growth of petal lobes. Strong alleles of cin give smaller petal lobes with flat instead of conical cells, correlating with lobe-specific expression of CIN in the wild type. Moreover, conical cells at the leaf margins are replaced by flatter cells, indicating that CIN has a role in cell differentiation of leaves as well as petals. A weak semidominant cin allele affects cell types mainly in the petal but does not affect leaf development, indicating these two effects can be separated. Expression of CIN correlates with expression of cell division markers, suggesting that CIN may influence petal growth, directly or indirectly, through effects on cell proliferation. For both leaves and petals, CIN affects growth and differentiation of the more distal and broadly extended domains (leaf lamina and petal lobe). However, while CIN promotes growth in petals, it promotes growth arrest in leaves, possibly because of different patterns of growth control in these systems.Development involves coordination of two interconnected processes: growth and cellular differentiation. The genetic control of each of these processes has been studied extensively in plants. For example, genes affecting leaf growth or epidermal cell fate have been isolated and analyzed (Masucci et al., 1996;Tsuge et al., 1996;Gu et al., 1998;Kim et al., 1998;Mizukami and Fischer, 2000;Kim et al., 2002). However, the way that growth and differentiation are coupled through the action of genes has been less well studied. To help address this, we have investigated the effects of the CINCINNATA (CIN) gene on growth and cell differentiation in Antirrhinum.CIN encodes a TCP transcription factor that promotes growth arrest, particularly in leaf margins (Nath et al., 2003). In cin mutants, leaves are larger and have an undulating edge due to excessive growth in marginal regions. In addition to these effects on leaf growth, cin mutants also show alterations in petal shape and cell types. This suggests that the CIN transcription factor may have targets involved in both growth and differentiation pathways. To determine how these pathways may be affected, we have analyzed the role of CIN in petal growth and differentiation.Flowers of Antirrhinum have five petals, which are united in their proximal region to form a corolla tube.The distal region of each petal forms a lobe, which itself can be subdivided into a more proximal region, termed the lip, and a more distal region ( Fig. 1A; Keck et al., 2003). The flowers exhibit dorsoventral asymmetry and comprise two dorsal petals, two lateral petals, and one ventral petal. The lateral and ventral petal lobes form a platform for bees to land on and pry open the flower. A variety of cell types can be recognized in the flower, forming characteristic patterns along the proximo...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…along the dorsal-ventral axis of the flower (Galego and Almeida, 2002). CIN may interact similarly with the family of MIX proteins to establish some of the distinctions within the petal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

CINCINNATA Controls Both Cell Differentiation and Growth in Petal Lobes and Leaves of Antirrhinum

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The MYB-like transcription factor DIVARICATA (GRMZM2G079458) determines dorsoventral asymmetry, promoting ventral identity (Galego and Almeida, 2002). This gene got promoter hypermethylated between the DZ and TZ.…”

Section: Many Differentially Methylated Genes Are Involved In Gene Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Methylation during Maize Leaf Growth Targets Developmentally Regulated Genes

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

DNA methylation is an important and widespread epigenetic modification in plant genomes, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DMTs). DNA methylation is known to play a role in genome protection, regulation of gene expression, and splicing and was previously associated with major developmental reprogramming in plants, such as vernalization and transition to flowering. Here, we show that DNA methylation also controls the growth processes of cell division and cell expansion within a growing organ. The maize (Zea mays) leaf offers a great tool to study growth processes, as the cells progressively move through the spatial gradient encompassing the division zone, transition zone, elongation zone, and mature zone. Opposite to de novo DMTs, the maintenance DMTs were transcriptionally regulated throughout the growth zone of the maize leaf, concomitant with differential CCGG methylation levels in the four zones. Surprisingly, the majority of differentially methylated sequences mapped on or close to gene bodies and not to repeat-rich loci. Moreover, especially the 59 and 39 regions of genes, which show overall low methylation levels, underwent differential methylation in a developmental context. Genes involved in processes such as chromatin remodeling, cell cycle progression, and growth regulation, were differentially methylated. The presence of differential methylation located upstream of the gene anticorrelated with transcript expression, while gene body differential methylation was unrelated to the expression level. These data indicate that DNA methylation is correlated with the decision to exit mitotic cell division and to enter cell expansion, which adds a new epigenetic level to the regulation of growth processes.DNA methylation is the covalent modification of nucleotides in DNA by the addition of a methyl group. In the nuclear genome of higher eukaryotes, 5-methylcytosine is the most important DNA modification (Goll and Bestor, 2005). It is a phenomenon of ancient origin predating plant-animal diversification. However, some differences exist between plant and animal methylome patterning and function, and DNA methylation has been found to be evolutionarily lost in a few species (Feng et al., 2010;Zemach et al., 2010). Eukaryotic DNA methylation is established by DNA methyltransferase (DMT) enzymes that transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl Met to the fifth carbon of cytosine. These enzymes can largely be subdivided in maintenance and de novo DMTs, depending on whether the recognition site is already methylated or not. Maintenance DMTs conserve the methylation status of symmetrical (palindromic) sites after DNA replication, by recognizing the hemimethylated locus and methylating the newly synthesized strand. In plants, there are two types of maintenance DMTs: DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MET) and CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT). The former methylates CG sites during DNA replication, whereas the latter methylates CHG (H = A, C, or T) sites located in chromatin in which histone 3 is dimethylated on Lys-9 (Goll and Bestor, 2005). De no...

show abstract

“…In A. majus, the development of zygomorphic flower requires the activity of two TCP-box genes (14), CYC and DICH (11,12), whose function is mediated through an interaction with some specific MYB genes (15)(16)(17). When both CYC and DICH are mutated, more petals and stamens are developed in the dorsal region, and all petals resemble the shape of ventral petal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus

Feng

Zhao

Tian

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

228

298

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zygomorphic flowers, with bilateral (dorsoventral) symmetry, are considered to have evolved several times independently in flowering plants. In Antirrhinum majus, floral dorsoventral symmetry depends on the activity of two TCP-box genes, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH). To examine whether the same molecular mechanism of floral asymmetry operates in the distantly related Rosid clade of eudicots, in which asymmetric flowers are thought to have evolved independently, we investigated the function of a CYC homologue LjCYC2 in a papilionoid legume, Lotus japonicus. We showed a role for LjCYC2 in establishing dorsal identity by altering its expression in transgenic plants and analyzing its mutant allele squared standard 1 (squ1). Furthermore, we identified a lateralizing factor, Keeled wings in Lotus 1 (Kew1), which plays a key role in the control of lateral petal identity, and found LjCYC2 interacted with Kew1, resulting in a double mutant that bore all petals with ventralized identity to some extents. Thus, we demonstrate that CYC homologues have been independently recruited as determinants of petal identities along the dorsoventral axis in two distant lineages of flowering plants, suggesting a common molecular origin for the mechanisms controlling floral zygomorphy.dorsoventral axis ͉ floral development ͉ keeled wings in Lotus ͉ LjCYC2 ͉ squared standard

show abstract

Role ofDIVARICATAin the control of dorsoventral asymmetry inAntirrhinumflowers

Cited by 180 publications

References 40 publications

CINCINNATA Controls Both Cell Differentiation and Growth in Petal Lobes and Leaves of Antirrhinum

CINCINNATA Controls Both Cell Differentiation and Growth in Petal Lobes and Leaves of Antirrhinum

Differential Methylation during Maize Leaf Growth Targets Developmentally Regulated Genes

Control of petal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About