Role of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells which can proliferate and replace dead cells in the body. MSCs also secrete immunomodulatory molecules, creating a regenerative microenvironment that has an excellent potential for tissue regeneration. MSCs can be easily isolated and grown in vitro for various applications. For the past two decades, MSCs have been used in research, and many assays and tests have been developed proving that MSCs are an excellent cell source for therapy. This review focusses on quality control parameters required for applications of MSCs including colony formation, surface markers, differentiation potentials, and telomere length. Further, the specific mechanisms of action of MSCs under various conditions such as trans-differentiation, cell fusion, mitochondrial transfer, and secretion of extracellular vesicles are discussed. This review aims to underline the applications and benefits of MSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

The Cross-Talk between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immune Cells in Tissue Repair and Regeneration

“…Several lines of evidence demonstrated that efficient tissue repair and regeneration is dependent on the crosstalk between MSCs and Tregs [5,6,22,40,41]. MSCs, in an IDOdependent manner, induce the degradation of tryptophan (TRP) and generation of immunosuppressive kynurenine (KYN) [22].…”

“…Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewable, rapidly proliferating, multipotent stem cells which reside in almost all post-natal tissues, including quiescent and permanent tissues [5]. MSCs spontaneously differentiate into the cells of mesodermal origin (adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes) and, under specific conditions, are capable of generating cells of neuro-ectodermal (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) and endodermal origin (hepatocytes) [5]. In addition to their great differentiation potential, MSCs possess potent immunomodulatory and angiomodulatory characteristics [6].…”

“…In addition to their great differentiation potential, MSCs possess potent immunomodulatory and angiomodulatory characteristics [6]. In juxtracrine and paracrine manners, MSCs regulate the phenotype and function of all immune cells that participate in tissue repair and regeneration [5,6]. Under the influence of alarmins and inflammatory cytokines, released from injured cells, MSCs generate anti-inflammatory phenotype, induce the generation and expansion of immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, tolerogenic DCs, NKregs and Tregs, efficiently alleviating detrimental immune response and on-going inflammation [6].…”

Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Storms by Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…MSCs are pluripotent stem cells originating from the early mesoderm and ectoderm that have the advantages of abundant availability, multidirectional differentiation potential, high amplification efficiency in vitro and low immunogenicity ( 19 ). In addition, MSCs have powerful immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, which can regulate the innate immune and acquired immune systems ( 20 ); MSCs also exert bidirectional regulation of the immune system ( 20 , 21 ) and can not only inhibit the overactivated immune system ( 21 , 22 ) but also repair defective immune function ( 23 ). In summary, MSCs can alleviate and repair the lung injury caused by an excessive immune response to viruses and reduce the risk of CSS and ARDS by regulating the function of immune cells, reducing the levels of inflammatory secretion, increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factors and the secretion a variety of cellular growth factors.…”

Effect of cisplatin and mitochondria transplantation isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells on DU-145 cell proliferation

“…En sık kullanılanlar arasında, mezenkimal kök hücreler bulunmaktadır 13 . Bu durumun sebebi olarak da mezenkimal kök hücrelerden izole edilen mitokondrilerin diğer farklı tipteki hücrelerin mitokondrilerinin rejeneratif etkinliklerinden daha iyi olması ve transplantasyon başarılarının yüksek olması olarak gösterilmektedir 14,15 . Yapılan çalışmalarda izole mitokondrilerin 1-2 saatte alıcı hücrelerin içine girdiği gösterilmiştir.…”