Role of High Energy Breakfast “Big Breakfast Diet” in Clock Gene Regulation of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic processes involved in PPHG, i.e., β-cell secretory function, GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, muscular glucose uptake, and hepatic glucose production, are controlled by the circadian clock and display daily oscillation. Consequently, postprandial glycemia displays diurnal variation with a higher glycemic response after meals with the same carbohydrate content, consumed at dusk compared to the morning. T2D and meal timing schedule not synchronized with the circadian clock (i.e., skipping breakfast) are associated with disrupted clock gene expression and is linked to PPHG. In contrast, greater intake in the morning (i.e., high energy breakfast) than in the evening has a resetting effect on clock gene oscillations and beneficial effects on weight loss, appetite, and reduction of PPHG, independently of total energy intake. Therefore, resetting clock gene expression through a diet intervention consisting of meal timing aligned to the circadian clock, i.e., shifting most calories and carbohydrates to the early hours of the day, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve PPHG in T2D. This review will focus on recent studies, showing how a high-energy breakfast diet (Bdiet) has resetting and synchronizing actions on circadian clock genes expression, improving glucose metabolism, postprandial glycemic excursions along with weight loss in T2D.

Early Time-Restricted Feeding Amends Circadian Clock Function and Improves Metabolic Health in Male and Female Nile Grass Rats

“…Despite differences observed between sexes, TRF and specifically early TRF resulted in improved fasting glucose levels, clock gene expression, and liver lipid accumulations in all rats. This is consistent with studies in humans suggesting that coupling food intake with the regular active period, i.e., restricting food access to early in the day, results in improved metabolic function [47,48]. A study by Dashti et al suggests eating later in the day is associated with obesity more than eating earlier in the day [49].…”

Crononutrición y su relación con la obesidad: Una revisión sistemática

“…La interrupción de un ritmo biológico en un organismo podría favorecer un desbalance metabólico favoreciendo el desarrollo de algún factor de riesgo cardiovascular; un ejemplo de esto es la cascada de reacción que puede generar la hiperglicemia postprandial, recientemente estudiado por Jakubowickz et al 27 (2021) en el contexto de su regulación y la pérdida de peso en sujetos con DM2, planteando el rol del desayuno en la regulación del reloj genético. La hiperglicemia postprandial conduce a una disminución progresiva de la función de las células B, provocando una respuesta retardada y deficiente de la insulina, favoreciendo el desarrollo de DM2 y por lo tanto de riesgo cardiovascular 27 . Al mismo tiempo, se ha observado que una alteración en el RC de las células alfa (a) pancreáticas, disminuye la liberación del glucagón 1,28 .…”

“…Al mismo tiempo, se ha observado que una alteración en el RC de las células alfa (a) pancreáticas, disminuye la liberación del glucagón 1,28 . De estos artículos se ha concluido que el horario de las comidas, independientemente de la ingesta total de energía, tiene una gran influencia sobre el gene reloj y los relojes periféricos, los cuales están completamente involucrados en la regulación de los procesos metabólicos entre ellos la hiperglicemia postprandial 27 .…”

Is There a Utility of Chrono‐Specific Diets in Improving Cardiometabolic Health?

“…[15] One such application may involve the use of dietary zeitgebers or "chronobiotics" to reset and entrain clock gene expression with the natural day-night cycle. [10] The timing of meal intake and the feeding time window have been widely recognized to exert a profound impact on circadian clock entrainment and their subsequent impact of energy balance and obesity. [16] In particular, the practice of time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been a well-established strategy in mitigating cardiometabolic risk factors, without necessarily compromising on daily caloric intake.…”

“…[ 9 ] The same PER and CRY proteins are eventually degraded towards the next active phase, [ 8 ] in turn allowing CLOCK:BMAL1 to regain its activity, thereby driving a transient cycle of circadian rhythms. The core clock feedback loop influences circadian rhythms expressed in a multitude of other downstream genes involved in physiological, metabolic, and homeostatic processes, [ 10 ] and are thus crucial in the maintenance, synchronization, and optimization of the life processes.…”