“…Using such models, it has been shown that phosphotidylserine [1], proteins containing sialic acid [2,3], collagen IV [4], an acidic fragment of nucleolin‐related protein [5], Annexin‐II [6], osteopontin [7,8] and hyaluronan [9] mediate the attachment of calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) crystals to renal epithelial cells. On the other hand, fibronectin [10], osteopontin [11], bikunin [12], heparan sulphate/syndecan‐1 [13], hepatocyte growth factor [14], Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein (THG) [11] chondroitin sulphates A and B [11], heparan sulphate [11], TGFβ 2 [15] and undifferentiated urinary macromolecules [16–18] have been reported to reduce the adhesion of COM crystals. Inhibitory effects of macromolecules have been shown by altering the macromolecular composition of either the incubation medium in which crystal attachment was assessed [10,11,12,15,19] or the surfaces of the renal tubular cells [3,5,6,8,20,21].…”