Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mullites: Advanced research-based review

Abstract

Gut microbiota plays an important role in the proper functioning of human organisms, while its dysbiosis is associated with disease in various body organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of heterogeneous metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by direct or indirect insulin deficiency. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely linked to the development of DM. Gut microbiota composition changes in type 1 diabetes mullites (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mullites (T2DM) patients, which may cause gut leakiness and uncontrolled entry of antigens into the circulation system, triggering an immune response that damages the isle β cells or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes gut microbiota composition in healthy individuals and compares it to diabetes mullites patients. The possible pathogenesis by which gut microbiota dysbiosis causes DM, particularly gut leakiness and changes in gut microbiota metabolites is also discussed. It also presents the process of microbial-based therapies of DM.

The Effects of Cardioprotective Antidiabetic Therapy on Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Systematic Review

“…Third, it is difficult to separate the microbiota changes in T2DM described before [ 43 , 45 , 46 ] from those produced by other diseases. There is significant interest in the etiopathological role of microbiota in glycemic disturbances and insulin resistance.…”

Dynamic distribution of gut microbiota in cattle at different breeds and health states

“…In addition, although the gut microbiota inhabits the gut, significant changes in the gut microbiota may also lead to the development of other diseases such as liver disease, diabetes, and obesity, etc. ( Guo et al, 2022 ; Ye et al, 2022 ). More importantly, significant changes in gut microbiota also affect gut permeability, which may lead to a leaky gut and increased rates of pathogenic bacterial infection ( Yue et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2021 ).…”

Response to Article “Are There Differences in Gut Microbiome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin or Metformin and Insulin?” [Letter]

“…Meanwhile, the microbiota composition was reported as one of the essential aspects in the development of metabolic diseases and one of factors causing the metabolic disorders itself, in which diabetes mellitus is included. 3 …”

“…Meanwhile, the microbiota composition was reported as one of the essential aspects in the development of metabolic diseases and one of factors causing the metabolic disorders itself, in which diabetes mellitus is included. 3 After a deep reading, we provided several suggestions for the authors of this study or even for other scientists in the field as worth considering suggestions for being hopefully unraveled in the future studies. The long term treatment with metformin only or metformin+insulin, based on this particular study, caused no significant effect on the gut microbiota profile of the patients whom got the treatment for more than five years.…”