Role of Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review

Mansuri, Naushad M; Mann, Neelam K; Rizwan, Shariqa; Mohamed, Afrah E; Elshafey, Ahmed E; Khadka, Akanchha; Mosuka, Emmanuel Mudika; Thilakarathne, Kalanchige N; Mohammed, Lubna

doi:10.7759/cureus.32465

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Therefore, dental procedures can lead to bacteremia and hematogenous seeding in distant organs without an active oral infection [ 11 ]. Staphylococcus aureus is also a common culprit in oral cavity infections [ 12 ]. Streptococcus intermedius has different virulence factors that induce tissue destruction and facilitate abscess formation; for instance, a polysaccharide capsule, which helps the bacteria avoid phagocytosis, can capsulize into a collection of pus and form an abscess.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus intermedius: From a Normal Oral Commensal to a Life-Threatening Organism

Mahmoud,

Beliani,

Alyassin

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Subdural empyema is a collection of pus in the subdural space between the dura mater and the arachnoid. It carries very high morbidity and mortality as it can spread anywhere in the brain; however, the risk can be mitigated with appropriate surgical and medical intervention. Being protected by the skull, cranial infections are usually preceded by a significant risk factor, either an external invader such as skull fractures secondary to trauma, penetrating injury, prior surgery, or, more commonly, in more than 50% of cases, due to spread of an internal infection such as ear or sinus infections. Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria can cause subdural empyema. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are notorious for developing this kind of infection; for example, different groups of gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci, gram-negative Haemophilus influenza , and other gram-negative bacilli can cause subdural empyema. While streptococci are more frequent with sinus infection causing subdural empyema, staphylococci are associated with skin invasion secondary to either head trauma or cranial surgery. Streptococcus intermedius is a gram-positive alpha-hemolytic pathogen belonging to the larger Streptococcus anginosus group that itself is a subgroup from viridans streptococci, aka Streptococcus milleri . S treptococcus intermedius is an oral commensal flora and is considered to be a low-virulence bacteria in immunocompetent patients but can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Subdural empyema tends to occur more often in immunocompromised patients such as diabetic patients, those with human immunodeficiency virus infection, and those using immunosuppressive medications. The clinical course ranges from indolent to fulminant. The size and location of the abscess play a role in clinical presentation. Headache is the most common presenting symptom, but patients can also present with fever, nausea, seizure, or altered mental status. Diagnosis can be obtained with CT and MRI scans of the brain. Prompt drainage of the abscess and lengthy antibiotics improve the prognosis significantly. Our case highlights a rare origin of subdural empyema from the direct spread of a skin abscess.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus intermedius: From a Normal Oral Commensal to a Life-Threatening Organism

Mahmoud,

Beliani,

Alyassin

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…Firstly, the microbial community within the human body is closely related to the pathogenesis of MI. Research has shown that an imbalance in the gut microbiota is a key factor contributing to the development of CVDs ( 234 ). This imbalance can lead to an increase in harmful microorganisms while simultaneously decreasing the presence of beneficial microorganisms, thereby promoting an increase in inflammatory responses and disturbances in lipid metabolism.…”

Section: Single-omics Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From multi-omics approaches to personalized medicine in myocardial infarction

Zhan,

Tang,

et al. 2023

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent cardiovascular disease characterized by myocardial necrosis resulting from coronary artery ischemia and hypoxia, which can lead to severe complications such as arrhythmia, cardiac rupture, heart failure, and sudden death. Despite being a research hotspot, the etiological mechanism of MI remains unclear. The emergence and widespread use of omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics, have provided new opportunities for exploring the molecular mechanism of MI and identifying a large number of disease biomarkers. However, a single-omics approach has limitations in understanding the complex biological pathways of diseases. The multi-omics approach can reveal the interaction network among molecules at various levels and overcome the limitations of the single-omics approaches. This review focuses on the omics studies of MI, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics. The exploration extended into the domain of multi-omics integrative analysis, accompanied by a compilation of diverse online resources, databases, and tools conducive to these investigations. Additionally, we discussed the role and prospects of multi-omics approaches in personalized medicine, highlighting the potential for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MI.

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“…Ryan et al compared the effect of metformin and DPP4 on gut microbiota in mice and concluded that either medication has excellent or harmful effects on different species of normal flora [49]. Hence, combining different oral anti-diabetic medications and certain probiotics can provide the best medium for normal flora to treat IBDs [50].…”

Section: Oral Anti-diabetic Medications Microbiota and Ibdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Bowel Sugar Disease: A Pause From New Pharmacological Agents and an Embrace of Natural Therapy

Mahmoud,

Begg,

Tarhuni

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases that target the gastrointestinal tract and other distant organs. The incidence of IBDs has been rising and is more prevailing in Western communities. The etiology has been vague, but different theories include environmental factors that elicit an uncontrolled immune response, which damages internal organs. Treatment of either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis has witnessed significant advances; however, pharmacological drugs' side effects limit their use. Research about microbiota and its influence on IBDs has gained fame, and multiple studies correlate microbiota diversity positively with IBD treatment. Many factors contribute to the microbiota's health, including different diets, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. Specific immune responses lie behind the pathogenesis of IBDs and microbiota dysbiosis, and different studies have postulated new ways to control this abnormal response. Physical activity, sun exposure, efficient sleep, intermittent fasting, and supplementation of probiotics and vitamins are natural ways that help modulate this immune response, do not cost money as IBD pharmacological drugs, and do not come with deleterious side effects that are sometimes more harmful than IBDs. Our article proposes a comprehensive natural approach that can benefit IBD patients enormously. This approach does not replace the medications currently used in treating IBDs. The suggested approach can be used in combination with medications and might aid in reducing the doses of those medications.

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Role of Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Streptococcus intermedius: From a Normal Oral Commensal to a Life-Threatening Organism

Streptococcus intermedius: From a Normal Oral Commensal to a Life-Threatening Organism

From multi-omics approaches to personalized medicine in myocardial infarction

Inflammatory Bowel Sugar Disease: A Pause From New Pharmacological Agents and an Embrace of Natural Therapy

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