Role of Graphene Oxide in Bacterial Cellulose−Gelatin Hydrogels for Wound Dressing Applications

Abstract

Biopolymer-based hydrogels have several advantages, including robust mechanical, high biocompatibility, and excellent properties. These hydrogels can be ideal wound dressing materials and advantageous to repair and regenerate skin wounds. In this work, we have reported fabricated of composite hydrogels from gelatin and graphene oxide-f unctionalized-bacterial cellulose (synthesized by hydrothermal method) (GO-f-BC) and crosslinked with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The hydrogels were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle analyses to explore functional groups and their interactions, surface morphology, and wetting behavior, respectively. The swelling, biodegradation, and water retention were tested to respond to biofluid. Maximum swelling was exhibited by samle with maximum amount of GO (GBG-4) in all media (aqueous = 1902.83%, PBS = 1546.63%, and electrolyte = 1367.32%). The hemolysis of all hydrogel samples is less than 0.5%, and the blood coagulation time decreased as the hydrogel concentration increased. The composite hydrogels were found to be hemocompatible as they have less than 0.5% hemolysis for all hydrogel samples under in vitro standard conditions. These hydrogels performed unusual antimicrobial activities against Gram (positive and negative) bacterial strains. The cell viability and proliferation were increased with an increased GO amount, and maximum values were found for GBG-4 against fibroblast (3T3) cell lines. The mature and well-adhered cell morphology of 3T3 cells was found against all hydrogel samples. Hence, based on these results findings, these hydrogels would be potential wound dressing skin materials for wound healing applications.

Fabrication of Bilayer Nanofibrous-Hydrogel Scaffold from Bacterial Cellulose, PVA, and Gelatin as Advanced Dressing for Wound Healing and Soft Tissue Engineering

“…The slight difference in the broadness of the bands for the bonded −OH functionality is attributed to the difference in cross-linking due to the difference in the cross-linker (TEOS) concentrations. The vibration bands at 1194 cm –1 , 1047 cm –1 , and 988 cm –1 confirmed the presence of C–O stretching, polysaccharide pyranose ring, and O–H bending vibration, respectively . These are the characteristics of the functional bands of BC and gelatin.…”

“…BC was extracted, as reported in our previous studies by Khan et al Gelatin (CAS no. G9382-500G), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (CAS no.…”

“…BC hydrogels are frequently made into pliable, flexible dressings, which make them simple to handle and apply to wounds of many sizes and forms. Since BC hydrogels are similar to ECM, they are considered good for promoting cell infiltration, nutrient transport, and tissue regeneration. , As discussed, gelatin-based and BC materials showed their potential for wound healing application. However, the gelatin-based scaffolds’ instability and weak mechanical strength can be controlled by tailoring them with other polymers and designing the architecture of the scaffolds.…”

“…It is a typical biological response to harm and is essential to maintain the health and operation of the underlying tissues and skin. , Tissue engineering (TE) is a cutting-edge method for treating damaged tissues using bioactive substances as scaffolds for cell immobilization to encourage tissue regeneration and healing. Scaffolds are the three-dimensional (3D) structural framework that promotes cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. , Scaffolds can be fabricated from synthetic and natural polymers and serve as templates for developing new tissue. They can release growth factors or bioactive compounds that help in wound healing.…”

Graphene Oxide-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose–Gelatin Hydrogel with Curcumin Release and Kinetics: In Vitro Biological Evaluation

“…The increasing hydrophilic nature of HGel-3 may be attributed to GO and gelatin. It may affect other parameters, including stiffness, swellability, surface charge, and swellability, which may impact biomedical applications . These might also impact how cells react to the biomaterial during and after implantation, which would be advantageous for cell adhesion and growth.…”