Role of genetic structure of Helicobacter Pylori in formation of chronic inflammatory process in gastric mucosa

Abstract

The literature review highlights the questions of the interaction of Helicobacter pylori and the human body. Modern data on the structure of the pathogenicity island in the Helicobacter pylori genome are presented. There is given a detailed description of both well-known virulence and pathogenicity factors of the infection (genes encoding the formation of urease subunits, in particular urel, cytotoxin associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin gen A, blood group associated binding adhesion, induced by contact with epithelium) and less studied ones (sialic acid-binding adhesion, adhesion-associated lipoprotein A and B, adhesin gene of Helicobacter pylori, Hp outer membrane protein). The significance of individual genes and proteins encoded by them in the development of chronic inflammatory process in diseases of the upper digestive tract, as well as in ulcer and carcinogenesis is analyzed. Mechanisms of interaction of bacteria with epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa, adhesive and cytotoxic effects of Helicobacter pylori, factors of biofilm formation are described. The influence of the genetic structure of Infect on cytological composition of the gastric glands in the form of reduction of specialized glandular cells chief and parietal cells of pyloric glands and the increase of endocrine cells in the pool is assessed. It is shown that colonization of the gastric mucosa by highly pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori contributes to the development of widespread pronounced and active inflammation in it, the appearance of morphological signs of atrophy. The role of the genetic characteristics of the infection in the failure of anti-helicobacter therapy is emphasized. Separately, the question of the effect of combined infection of the gastric mucosa with highly pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus is highlighted.