Role of Gamma Interferon in Chemokine Expression in the Ileum of Mice and in a Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line afterCryptosporidium parvumInfection

Abstract

Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells and induces inflam-In the absence of IFN-␥, the chemokine response was altered for IP-10, MIG, i-TAC, RANTES, and MIP-1␤ mRNAs, while the three ELR C-X-C chemokine mRNAs studied (lipopolysaccharide-induced C-X-C chemokine, MIP-2␣, and KC mRNAs) were strongly overexpressed. These results are consistent with the neutrophil recruitment observed in the lamina propria of GKO mice at day 9 postinfection but are not consistent with the hypothesis that these cells play an important role in the resolution of the infection. On the contrary, the altered response of chemokines responsible for the recruitment of macrophages and T cells in GKO mice suggests that these two populations may be critical in the development of a protective immune response.

The Proinflammatory Response Induced by Wild-TypeYersinia pseudotuberculosisInfection Inhibits Survival ofyopMutants in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Peyer's Patches

“…(30). Immune cell functions altered in these mice include decreased activation of macrophages and NK cells, altered T-cell proliferation, and altered activation of cytokines and chemokines (14,27).…”

“…Since the dynamic interplay between host defenses and pathogens cannot be completely mimicked by cell culture systems, animal infection models provide valuable insights into how virulence factors thwart host defenses and reveal interactions among host defenses during infection (8,25,27,36,47). We previously reported differences in the levels of attenuation of yopE and yopH mutants in single-strain mouse infections compared to competition infections with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis (30).…”

Rabies Virus-Induced Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and NF-κB Signaling Pathways Regulates Expression of CXC and CC Chemokine Ligands in Microglia

“…published primers for cDNA amplification of chemokines (25,29,38), and their specificities and optimum PCR conditions have been described previously. To control for possible contamination of genomic DNAs in total RNA extracts, primer sequences for GAPDH were separated by introns so that the amplified products from genomic DNAs would be longer than the amplified cDNAs (38).…”

Rabies Virus Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production and CXC Chemokine Ligand 10 Expression in Macrophages through Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2

“…The first-strand cDNA was generated from 5 g of total RNA prepared as described above in a final volume of 50 l and was subjected to PCR amplification of the specific cDNA sequences by using an RNA PCR kit (AMV) and Ex Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Oligonucleotides were synthesized on the basis of the published primers for cDNA amplification of GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (68), iNOS (71), cytokines (27,36,71,72), and chemokines (68,46); their specificities and optimum PCR conditions have been described previously. To control possible contamination of genomic DNAs in total RNA extracts, primer sequences for GAPDH were separated by introns so that the amplified products from genomic DNAs would be longer than the amplified cDNAs (68).…”