Role of extracellular vesicles in atherosclerosis: An update

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles released by most cell types in response to different stimuli. They are composed of a lipid bilayer that encloses a wide range of bioactive material, including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs have garnered increasing attention over recent years, as their role in intercellular communication has been brought to light. As such, they have been found to regulate pathophysiologic pathways like inflammation, angiogenesis, or senescence, and are therefore implicated in key aspects atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Interestingly, EVs appear to have a multifaceted role; depending on their cargo, they can either facilitate or hamper the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we examine how EVs of varying origins may be implicated in the different phases of atherosclerotic lesion development. We also discuss the need to standardize isolation and analysis procedures to fully fulfil their potential as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.

Extracellular Vesicles as Drivers of Immunoinflammation in Atherothrombosis

“…EVs orchestrate the entire spectrum of atherosclerotic disease phases by means of their intercellular and extracellular communication and adhesion between blood and vessel wall [ 33 ]. Human atherosclerotic plaques, from initial lesions to advanced stages, contain EVs expressing markers from vascular and blood cells (leukocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells (ECs)) [ 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles in atherothrombosis: From biomarkers and precision medicine to therapeutic targets

“…3,4 Compelling evidence shows that EVs associate with several major risk factors and | 7 participate in the development and progression of atherothrombotic disease. 1,5 While considerable challenges remain in terms of detection technologies and clinical translation, EVs are at the forefront of cardiovascular research. 6 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a global health problem and the major cause of major adverse cardiac events and cardiovascular mortality.…”

Novel Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease—Latest Insights in the Research Field

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous family of vesicles secreted by various cells, and by which their diverse biological functions mediate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes [157,158]. Their active role in the progression of atherosclerotic processes has been demonstrated in multiple studies, as these cell organelles are involved in various cell signaling pathways such as vascular remodeling, inflammation, or cell proliferation and migration [159,160]. The activation of extracellular cells can be seen as the starting point of the atherosclerotic process, endothelial dysfunction playing an essential role in the production of EVs in endothelial cells [161].…”