Role of EVERGREEN in the Development of the Cymose Petunia Inflorescence

Rebocho, Alexandra B.; Bliek, Mattijs; Kusters, Elske; Castel, Rob; Procissi, Antonia; Roobeek, Ilja; Souer, Erik; Koes, Ronald

doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.08.007

Cited by 68 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this respect, it is telling that petunia plants mutated in the ortholog of S not only fail to branch, but also mostly lack flowers altogether (23). Because meristem termination in sympodial plants is synonymous with flowering (13), another potential modulator of branching is the mobile flowering inducer and termination signal, florigen, encoded in tomato by the SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) gene (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato

Park

Jiang²,

Schatz³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

177

237

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Flower production and crop yields are highly influenced by the architectures of inflorescences. In the compound inflorescences of tomato and related nightshades (Solanaceae), new lateral inflorescence branches develop on the flanks of older branches that have terminated in flowers through a program of plant growth known as "sympodial." Variability in the number and organization of sympodial branches produces a remarkable array of inflorescence architectures, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying sympodial growth and branching diversity. One hypothesis is that the rate of termination modulates branching. By performing deep sequencing of transcriptomes, we have captured gene expression dynamics from individual shoot meristems in tomato as they gradually transition from a vegetative state to a terminal flower. Surprisingly, we find thousands of age-dependent expression changes, even when there is little change in meristem morphology. From these data, we reveal that meristem maturation is an extremely gradual process defined molecularly by a "meristem maturation clock." Using hundreds of stage-enriched marker genes that compose this clock, we show that extreme branching, conditioned by loss of expression of the COMPOUND INFLORESCENCE gene, is driven by delaying the maturation of both apical and lateral meristems. In contrast, we find that wild tomato species display a delayed maturation only in apical meristems, which leads to modest branching. Our systems genetics approach reveals that the program for inflorescence branching is initiated surprisingly early during meristem maturation and that evolutionary diversity in inflorescence architecture is modulated by heterochronic shifts in the acquisition of floral fate.flowering | development | cyme | evolution | transcriptomics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato

Park

Jiang²,

Schatz³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

177

237

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…When mutated, floral identity is delayed (s mutant) or never achieved (an mutant), causing SIM overproliferation and highly branched inflorescences (Lippman et al 2008;Park et al 2012). Parallel functions for S and AN in pepper and petunia (Lippman et al 2008;Rebocho et al 2008;Souer et al 2008;Cohen et al 2014) suggest they can serve as specific markers of meristem maturation schedules. To obtain a more precise assessment of when and how maturation schedules vary, we performed in situ hybridization of S and AN in TM through FM stages in S. lycopersicum, S. peruvianum, S. prinophyllum, and N. benthamiana ( Fig.…”

Section: Heterochronic Expression Of Two Key Meristem Maturation Regumentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of inflorescence diversity in the nightshades and heterochrony during meristem maturation

et al. 2016

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One of the most remarkable manifestations of plant evolution is the diversity for floral branching systems. These "inflorescences" arise from stem cell populations in shoot meristems that mature gradually to reproductive states in response to environmental and endogenous signals. The morphology of the shoot meristem maturation process is conserved across distantly related plants, raising the question of how diverse inflorescence architectures arise from seemingly common maturation programs. In tomato and related nightshades (Solanaceae), inflorescences range from solitary flowers to highly branched structures bearing hundreds of flowers. Since reproductive barriers between even closely related Solanaceae have precluded a genetic dissection, we captured and compared meristem maturation transcriptomes from five domesticated and wild species reflecting the evolutionary continuum of inflorescence complexity. We find these divergent species share hundreds of dynamically expressed genes, enriched for transcription factors. Meristem stages are defined by distinct molecular states and point to modified maturation schedules underlying architectural variation. These modified schedules are marked by a peak of transcriptome expression divergence during the reproductive transition, driven by heterochronic shifts of dynamic genes, including transcriptional regulators with known roles in flowering. Thus, evolutionary diversity in Solanaceae inflorescence complexity is determined by subtle modifications of transcriptional programs during a critical transitional window of meristem maturation, which we propose underlies similar cases of plant architectural variation. More broadly, our findings parallel the recently described transcriptome "inverse hourglass" model for animal embryogenesis, suggesting both plant and animal morphological variation is guided by a mid-development period of transcriptome divergence.

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“…Recent works have shown that alterations in the spatial and temporal expression patterns of a few regulatory genes generate a dramatic divergence of inflorescence form (Prusinkiewicz et al, 2007;Lippman et al, 2008;Rebocho et al, 2008). In petunia and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which form cymose inflorescences, fine tuning of spatial and temporal distribution of EVERGREEN (EVG) and Compound inflorescence (S) expressions is crucial to form the cymose inflorescence.…”

Section: Apo1 Promoter and Rice Inflorescence Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression Level ofABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1Determines Rice Inflorescence Form through Control of Cell Proliferation in the Meristem

et al. 2009

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Two types of branches, rachis branches (i.e. nonfloral) and spikelets (i.e. floral), are produced during rice (Oryza sativa) inflorescence development. We previously reported that the ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) gene, encoding an F-box-containing protein orthologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS, suppresses precocious conversion of rachis branch meristems to spikelets to ensure generation of certain number of spikelets. Here, we identified four dominant mutants producing an increased number of spikelets and found that they are gain-of-function alleles of APO1. The APO1 expression levels are elevated in all four mutants, suggesting that an increase of APO1 activity caused the delay in the program shift to spikelet formation. In agreement with this result, ectopic overexpression of APO1 accentuated the APO1 gain-of-function phenotypes. In the apo1-D dominant alleles, the inflorescence meristem starts to increase in size more vigorously than the wild type when switching to the reproductive development phase. This alteration in growth rate is opposite to what is observed with the apo1 mutants that have a smaller inflorescence meristem. The difference in meristem size is caused by different rates of cell proliferation. Collectively, these results suggest that the level of APO1 activity regulates the inflorescence form through control of cell proliferation in the meristem.

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Role of EVERGREEN in the Development of the Cymose Petunia Inflorescence

Cited by 68 publications

References 31 publications

Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato

Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato

The evolution of inflorescence diversity in the nightshades and heterochrony during meristem maturation

Expression Level ofABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1Determines Rice Inflorescence Form through Control of Cell Proliferation in the Meristem

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