Role of Erythrocytes and Serum in the Nutrition of
            <i>Rickettsia quintana</i>

Myers, William F.; Cutler, Leonard D.; Wisseman, Charles L.

doi:10.1128/jb.97.2.663-666.1969

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…They demonstrated that growth depended on the presence of erythrocytes but that serum factors (which were not characterized) were also important (150). These findings were subsequently confirmed by Myers et al (90). More recent investigations have demonstrated the hemin dependence of Bartonella species (31,127), with optimum growth resulting from media containing hemin at 50 to 250 g/ml (31,127).…”

Section: Culturementioning

confidence: 56%

“…Succinate, pyruvate, and glutamine or glutamate, but not glucose, can be utilized as sources of energy (46,162). Growth is enhanced by increased carbon dioxide pressure and by fetal calf serum (71) and is hemin dependent (90,92). B. quintana also requires sodium bicarbonate as a source of carbon dioxide, whereas B. vinsonii does not.…”

Section: Bacteriologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Culture on blood agar. On blood-enriched agar, Bartonella species are best cultivated in a humid, CO 2 -rich (5%) atmosphere (90,112,150). Primary isolation from the blood of infected patients may require up to 45 days of incubation before colonies become apparent.…”

Section: Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections

1996

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Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) quintana is the etiological agent of trench fever, a disease extensively reported during the World Wars. Recent molecular biology approaches have allowed dramatic extension of the spectrum of Bartonella infections. B. quintana is now also recognized as an etiological agent of fever and bacteremia, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and chronic lymphadenopathy. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and/or homeless people are the most vulnerable to infection. Poverty and louse infestation were the main epidemiological factors associated with B. quintana infections during wartime. Although poverty and chronic alcoholism have been associated with modern cases of trench fever and bacteremia due to B. quintana in Europe and the United States, vectors for B. quintana have not been clearly identified and B. quintana has not been isolated from modern-day lice. Microscopic bacillary angiomatosis lesions are characterized by tumor-like capillary lobules, with proliferating endothelial cells. In vitro experiments have shown that B. quintana survives within endothelial cells and stimulates cell proliferation. These observations, together with the finding that lesions may regress when antibiotic therapy is administered, strongly suggest that B. quintana itself stimulates angiogenesis. Bartonella infections are characterized by a high frequency of relapses after brief courses of antibiotic therapy. It is to be noted that in vitro, although Bartonella species are highly susceptible to antibiotics, only the aminoglycosides have proved to be bactericidal. However, the most effective antibiotic regimen for Bartonella infections remains to be established.

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Section: Culturementioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Bacteriologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections

1996

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“…Other haemotrophic bacteria such as Bartonella are known to require erythrocytes or haemin for in vitro growth. In fact, B. quintana has the highest known haemin requirement for a bacterium (Myers et al, 1969;Carroll et al, 2000). In this study iron-supplementation of SP-4 medium induced culture persistence of M. suis on a stationary level over a period of 12 weeks but not noticeable growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Nanotransformation of the haemotrophic Mycoplasma suis during in vitro cultivation attempts using modified cell free Mycoplasma media

Schreiner

Hoelzle

Hofmann‐Lehmann

et al. 2012

Veterinary Microbiology

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Mycoplasma suis belongs to haemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) which cause infectious anaemia in a large variety of mammals. To date, no in vitro cultivation system for M. suis or other HMs has been established. We hypothesised that M. suis could grow in classical Mycoplasma media supplemented with nutrients (e.g. glucose, iron-binding proteins) which are naturally available from its host environment, the porcine blood. Blood from experimentally M. suis-infected pigs was used to inoculate either standard SP-4 Mycoplasma medium supplemented with iron-binding proteins (transferrin, haemin, and haemoglobin) or glucose-enriched Hayflick Mycoplasma medium. A quantitative M. suis-specific real-time PCR assay was applied to determine and quantify M. suis loads weekly during 12 week-incubation. The first 2 weeks after inoculation M. suis loads decreased remarkably and then persisted at a stationary level over the observation time of 12 weeks in iron-binding protein-or glucose supplemented media variants. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of liquid M. suis sub-cultures on Hayflick agar showed small, densely-packed microcolonies of irregular M. suis cells of reduced size (0.2-0.6m) indicating nanotransformation. The partial 16S rDNA sequence of these cultured M. suis nanocells was 99.9% identical to M. suis. M. suis cells derived from liquid cultures interact in vitro with porcine erythrocytes by fibril-like structures. We conclude, that the modified Mycoplasma media used for M. suis cultivation are obviously unfavourable for growth but lead to culture persistence. M. suis adapt to inappropriate culture conditions by alteration into nanoforms. Mycoplasma media supplemented with nutrients (e.g. glucose, iron-binding proteins) which 5 are naturally available from its host environment, the porcine blood. 6Blood from experimentally M. suis-infected pigs was used to inoculate either standard SP-4 7Mycoplasma medium supplemented with iron-binding proteins (transferrin, haemin, and Introduction 1Mycoplasma suis is a member of the haemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) which attach 2 to or invade host erythrocytes of many mammals (Hoelzle, 2008; Groebel et al., 2009). In all 3 these animals HMs are considered host-specific and to cause acute or chronic anaemia. 4Currently, the zoonotic potential of HM infections is intensely discussed (Dos Santos et al., 5 2008; Hu et al., 2009; Bosnic et al., 2010; Sykes et al., 2010; Steer et al., 2011). 6HMs are highly specialised bacteria with a high degree of host adaptation reflected by 7 its specific cell tropism, persistent infection, immune modulation, and, finally, uncultivability in 8 vitro. All attempts to cultivate HMs in vitro have failed so far. Only a short-term maintenance 9 of M. suis has been described using a petri dish erythrocyte culture system (Nonaka et al., 10 1996). Therefore, to date, HM research relies on the propagation in splenectomised animals, 11 a method connected with serious ethical concerns. Moreover, cultivation of bacteria is an 12 important feature ...

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“…Comparisons of growth in bacteriological media are more difficult to make. Although a considerable amount of information has accumulated on the nutritional requirements of the Fuller strain (22,24,25,(27)(28)(29), the vole agent was cultivated on commercial sheep blood agar, which does not appear to be particularly well suited for R. quintana. A single attempt to grow the vole agent in a modified Evans medium (27) yielded equivocal results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintana

Weiss¹,

Dasch²,

Woodman³

et al. 1978

Infect Immun

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The vole agent described by Baker in 1946 was studied as an example of a bacterium that has been mistakenly regarded a rickettsia. Unlike rickettsiae, the vole agent killed chicken embryos with great irregularity, multiplied primarily at the surface of avian or mammalian cells and not intracellularly, produced colonies rather than plaques on chicken embryo monolayers under agar, and developed small colonies after 4 to 7 days of cultivation on blood plates. It was most conveniently cultivated on monolayers of irradiated L cells and was purified by minor modifications of the Renografin gradient procedure used for rickettsiae. It actively catabolized glutamate, glutamine, succinate, and pyruvate, but not glucose or glucose-6-phosphate. Enzymatic activities of cell extracts were consistent with above findings. The base ratio (molar percent guanine plus cytosine) of its deoxyribonucleic acid was shown to be 39, which was identical to the base ratio of the deoxyribonucleic acid of Rochalimaea quintana tested simultaneously. Serological studies indicated no cross-reactivity with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, but strong cross-reaction with R. quintana was observed when a hyperimmune rabbit serum and a convalescent human serum were tested. We conclude that the vole agent is a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, R. quintana.

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Role of Erythrocytes and Serum in the Nutrition of Rickettsia quintana

Cited by 35 publications

References 6 publications

Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections

Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections

Nanotransformation of the haemotrophic Mycoplasma suis during in vitro cultivation attempts using modified cell free Mycoplasma media

Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintana

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