Role of Education, Age, and Family Size on Food Insecurity in Pakistan: A Quantile Regression Analysis

Cheema, Ahmed Raza; Saleem, Adeel; Visas, Hubert; Ul-Haq, Jabbar

doi:10.1057/s41287-021-00479-w

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Households with small land sizes are strongly positively associated with the higher levels of food insecurity. The negative effect of small land size owned households on the reduction of food insecurity is supported by previous studies ( 31 , 32 , 75 , 95 , 99 , 102 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Farming livestock or both livestock and crop has a significant effect on reducing higher levels of food insecurity ( 14 , 31 , 54 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 95 , 99 ). Fertilizer usage reduces the higher food insecurity levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The descriptive statistics indicates higher prevalence of food insecurity (25%) and vulnerability (27.08%), implying that more than half of the population had a problem of feeding (in hanger), even if positive progress in time has been observed in reducing the proportion insecure and vulnerable households. In-line with this result, the 2022 report of State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) showed that 56% of the total population affected by moderate or severe food insecurity between 2019 and 2021 (23), and 20 million people are in need of food by 2023 (99). Although severity of food insecurity in the country is also reported by several studies (22,28,29,31,(75)(76)(77), the vulnerability is not assessed as such.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The spatial effects of the household's food insecurity levels in Ethiopia: by ordinal geo-additive model

Wubetie,

Zewotir,

Mitku

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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BackgroundFood insecurity and vulnerability in Ethiopia are historical problems due to natural- and human-made disasters, which affect a wide range of areas at a higher magnitude with adverse effects on the overall health of households. In Ethiopia, the problem is wider with higher magnitude. Moreover, this geographical distribution of this challenge remains unexplored regarding the effects of cultures and shocks, despite previous case studies suggesting the effects of shocks and other factors. Hence, this study aims to assess the geographic distribution of corrected-food insecurity levels (FCSL) across zones and explore the comprehensive effects of diverse factors on each level of a household's food insecurity.MethodThis study analyzes three-term household-based panel data for years 2012, 2014, and 2016 with a total sample size of 11505 covering the all regional states of the country. An extended additive model, with empirical Bayes estimation by modeling both structured spatial effects using Markov random field or tensor product and unstructured effects using Gaussian, was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of FCSL across zones and to further explore the comprehensive effect of geographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on the locally adjusted measure.ResultDespite a chronological decline, a substantial portion of Ethiopian households remains food insecure (25%) and vulnerable (27.08%). The Markov random field (MRF) model is the best fit based on GVC, revealing that 90.04% of the total variation is explained by the spatial effects. Most of the northern and south-western areas and south-east and north-west areas are hot spot zones of food insecurity and vulnerability in the country. Moreover, factors such as education, urbanization, having a job, fertilizer usage in cropping, sanitation, and farming livestock and crops have a significant influence on reducing a household's probability of being at higher food insecurity levels (insecurity and vulnerability), whereas shocks occurrence and small land size ownership have worsened it.ConclusionChronically food insecure zones showed a strong cluster in the northern and south-western areas of the country, even though higher levels of household food insecurity in Ethiopia have shown a declining trend over the years. Therefore, in these areas, interventions addressing spatial structure factors, particularly urbanization, education, early marriage control, and job creation, along with controlling conflict and drought effect by food aid and selected coping strategies, and performing integrated farming by conserving land and the environment of zones can help to reduce a household's probability of being at higher food insecurity levels.

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