“…More proximal parenting and family factors influence cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes, including less family stress and dysfunction, greater stability in family structure and residence and greater regularity of contact with both parents, lower levels of parental psychological distress, and home environments that are more child-oriented and invested in literacy development (Gross et al, 2001; McClelland, Kessenich, and Morrison, 2003). Parenting characteristics associated with better developmental progress include warmth, responsiveness, and support for child initiatives (Bernier, Carlson, and Whipple, 2010; Landry et al, 2002; Lomax-Bream et al, 2007; Mahoney, Weeden, and Perales, 2004). Interventions fostering these characteristics promote better development (Landry, Smith, and Swank, 2006; Neville et al, 2013).…”