Role of drug metabolism & disposition in discovery and development of new drugs

Abstract

Drug development is an intrinsically risky business. Like a high stakes poker game the entry costs are high and the probability of winning is low. Indeed, only a tiny percentage of lead compounds ever reach USFDA approval. At any point during the drug development process a prospective drug lead may be terminated owing to lack of efficacy, adverse effects, excessive toxicity, poor absorption or poor clearance. Unfortunately, the more promising a drug lead appears to be, the more costly it is to terminate its development. Typically, the cost of killing a drug grows exponentially as a drug lead moves further down the development pipeline. As a result there is considerable interest in developing either experimental or computational methods that can identify potentially problematic drug leads at the earliest stages in their development. One promising route is through the prediction or modeling of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). ADME data, whether experimentally measured or computationally predicted, provide key insights into how a drug will ultimately be treated or accepted by the body. So while a drug lead may exhibit phenomenal efficacy in vitro, poor ADME results will almost invariably terminate its development. This review focuses on the use of ADME modeling to reduce late-stage attrition in drug discovery programmes. It also highlights what tools exist today for visualising and predicting ADME data, what tools need to be developed, and the importance of integrating ADME data to aid in compound selection during the earliest phases of drug discovery. It also discusses what kinds of tools need to be developed, and the importance of integrating ADME data to aid in compound selection during the earliest phases of drug discovery.

Recent Advances in Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Implications for Peptic Ulcer Management: A Comprehensive Review

“…Prostaglandins, protective to the gastric mucosa, are inhibited by NSAIDs through the suppression of the COX-1 enzyme. This inhibition results in decreased production of gastric mucus and bicarbonate, alongside a reduction in mucosal blood flow, contributing to the development of peptic ulcers [24].…”