Role of Dietary Microalgae on Fish Health and Fillet Quality: Recent Insights and Future Prospects

Abstract

An increase in the consumption of food fish, combined with a decrease in the harvest of fish, is driving the aquaculture industry at a fast pace. In parallel with the growth in the aquaculture sector and resulting stresses, the prevalence of diseases in farmed fish can increase. Although effective administration and prophylaxis are the main factors safeguarding fish species against diseases, recent approaches to mitigate the response caused by typical stressors include the uses of dietary additives. Microalgae are one of the main sources of nutrients, namely protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and pigments in aquatic animal diets. Numerous studies have proved the beneficial effects of microalgae on fish growth performance, feed utilization, disease resistance, and immunological and antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the administration of different microalgae to fish feed can enhance the fillet quality from several aspects, leading to an overall improvement in fillet shelf-life. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of various microalgae on biochemical and organoleptic aspects as well as the proximate composition of carcasses in fish species.

Feed Additives Based on N. gaditana and A. platensis Blend Improve Quality Parameters of Aquacultured Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fresh Fillets

“…The ingredient list and proximal composition of the three experimental diets are provided in Table 1, and their fatty acid profiles are indicated in Table 2. 0.5 0.5 0.5 Squid meal 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fish meal hydrolysate 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 LB-ChromaBream 5 -10 -LB-ChromaBream-plus 5 --10 Wheat gluten 6 15.0 13.0 13.0 Soybean protein concentrate 7 35.0 33.0 33.0 Fish oil 8 5.0 4.5 4.5 Soybean oil 9 8.0 7.2 7.2 Soybean lecithin 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 Wheat meal 11 12.7 8.0 8.0 Choline chloride 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 Betain 13 0.5 0.5 0.5 Vitamin and mineral premix 14 2.1 2.1 2.1 Vitamin C 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 Guar gum 16 2.0 2.0 2.0 Crude protein 42.5 ± 0.8 42.1 ± 1.2 43.0 ± 1.7 Crude lipid 14.2 ± 0.3 14.5± 0.2 13.8 ± 0.9 Ash 6.0 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 0.1 5.9 ± 0.0 Dietary treatments: CT: control diet; LB-CB: diet including 100 g kg −1 LB-Chromabream additive; LB-CBplus: diet including 100 g kg −1 LB-ChromabreamPlus additive. 1 (protein: BA.4%; lipid: 12.G%), Norsildemel (Bergen, Norway); 2 Suysegala (Sevilla, Spain); 3 Bacarel (UL); 4 CPSP (Sopropeche, France); 5 Lifebioencapsulation SL (Almería, Spain); 6 (protein: 7B.0%; lipid: 1.A%), Lorca Nutricion Animal (Murcia, Spain); 7 (protein: 50.0%; lipid: 1.0%) Lorca Nutricion Animal (Murcia, Spain); 8 AFAMPES 117ECA (AFAMSA, Pontevedra, Spain); 9 Aceites el Niño (Málaga, Spain); 10 Lecico P700 (Lecico GmbC, EE); 11 (protein: 12.0%; lipid: 2.0%), local provider; 12,13 Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain); 14,15 vitamin and mineral premix: vitamins (IU or mg kg −1 premix): vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 2000,000 IU; vitamin EG (EL cholecalciferol), 200,000 IU; vitamin E, 10,000 mg; vitamin LG (menadione sodium bisulphite), 2500 mg; vitamin B1 (thiamine hydrochloride), G000 mg; vitamin B2 (riboKavin), G000 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 20,000 mg; vitamin BB (pyridoxine hydrochloride), 2000 mg; vitamin BA (folic acid), 1500 mg; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), 10 mg vitamin C (biotin), G00 mg; inositol, 50,000 mg; betaine, 50,000 mg; vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 50,000 mg. Minerals (mg kg −1 premix): Co (cobalt carbonate), B5 mg; Cu (cupric sulfate), A00 mg; Fe (iron sulfate), B00 mg; I (potassium iodide), 50 mg; Mn (manganese oxide), AB0 mg; Se (sodium selenite), 1 mg; Nn (zinc sulfate) 750 mg; Ca (calcium carbonate), 18B,000 mg; LCl,…”

“…In this respect, species such as Nannochloropsis gaditana and Arthrospira platensis are among the most widely produced commercially on a large scale. Furthermore, their inclusion in aquafeeds has confirmed the improvement of numerous objective parameters related to fillet quality [10,11]. However, there are no studies assessing their combined use as a functional additive for seabream.…”