Role of Diabetes in prevalence of Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis is a lethal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Mycobacterium initially infects lungs. If the infection spreads beyond the lungs, the symptoms will depend upon the individual organs. Diabetes is a type of metabolic disease in which a person has increased blood sugar level. It's because the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells inside the body do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Diabetics have a three to five time's higher risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) than those without diabetes disease. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for tuberculosis and may affect disease treatment and also the response. Additionally tuberculosis may induce glucose intolerance and worsen the glycaemic control in people with diabetes. The main aim of this Review is to evaluate the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis disease, the effect of diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis and vice versa.  When the immune system of a patient with dormant TB is weakened, the TB can become active (reactivate) and cause infection in lungs or any other parts of the body. The risk factors for acquiring TB include close-contact situations, alcohol, drug abuse and certain diseases (examples include diabetes, cancer, and HIV) and occupations (for example, health-care workers). The common signs and symptoms of TB include fatigue, fever, weight loss, coughing, and night sweats. The diagnosis of TB involves skin tests, chest X-rays, sputum analysis (smear and culture), and PCR tests to detect the genetic material of the causative bacteria or causative agent [12]. Inactive tuberculosis may be treated with an isoniazid (INH), antibiotic, in order to prevent the TB infection from becoming active. Active TB is usually treated, successfully, with INH in combination with one or more of several drugs, including rifampin (Rifadin), ethambutol (Myambutol), pyrazinamide, and streptomycin [13].

Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients

“…20 The other predisposing factors found in this study are high addiction rate and BCG vaccination status Many studies highly support these causes. These factors are highly supported by many studies specially one done by Siddiquiet al 21 The incidence of pulmonary TB was 56.7% among active tuberculosis and the remaining 13 were extra pulmonary TB 43.3%. This means extra-pulmonary TB is more prevalent in diabetics than in non-diabetics, even though pulmonary TB is more prevalent.…”

Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity among the Ageing Population: A Threat to the Public Health System of Nepal

“…Furthermore, some of the anti-TB drugs (particularly rifampicin) make the situation sometime worsen to control diabetes. 54,55 This kind of problem arises when anti-TB (especially rifampicin and isoniazid) and oral anti-diabetic drugs, interact with each other. 55,56 Therefore, the merging of the two diseases is fatal.…”

Ancient Diseases-Microbial Impact

“…Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of TB, which is transmitted through aerosol droplets that are deposited in the lungs which become the reservoir of infection [32]. This infection initially occurs in the upper part of the lungs [33] and causes pulmonary tuberculosis, as well affect meninges, intestine, lymph nodes, bone, joints, skin and other tissues of the body [34]. One-third of the world's population has latent-TB, a condition in which mycobacteria can survive within a host for years without causing disease [35].…”