Role of cold receptors and menthol in thirst, the drive to breathe and arousal

Eccles, Ronald

doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0291

Cited by 110 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…3 Dry mouth can be sensed by specific receptors detecting osmotic changes or friction in the mucosa, and detected by the thirst centre in the brain. 53 Receptors in the mouth can also sense changes of cold and signals the thirst centre in the brain ( Figure 1, page 13). 54 Gargling with cold water for 2 minutes or sucking on an ice-cube can alleviate thirst, but only for 15 minutes.…”

Section: Sympathetic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirst in Patients with Heart Failure : Description of thirst dimensions and associated factors with thirst

Waldréus

2016

Linköping University Medical Dissertations

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Introduction: Nurses and other health care professionals meet patients with heart failure (HF) who report they are thirsty. Thirst is described by the patients as a concern, and it is distressing. Currently there are no standardized procedures to identify patients with increased thirst or to help a patient to manage troublesome thirst and research in the area of thirst is scarce. In order to prevent and relieve troublesome thirst more knowledge is needed on how thirst is experienced and what factors cause increased thirst. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to describe the thirst experience of patients with HF and describe the relationship of thirst with physiologic, psychologic and situational factors. The goal was to contribute to the improvement of the care by identifying needs and possible approaches to prevent and relieve thirst in patients with HF. Methods: The studies in this thesis used a cross-sectional design (Study I) and prospective observational designs (II-IV). Studies include data from patients with HF who were admitted to the emergency department for deterioration in HF (I, IV) or visited an outpatient HF clinic for worsening of HF symptoms (III); others were patients who were following up after HF hospitalization (II), and patients with no HF diagnosis who sought care at the emergency department for other illness (I). Patients completed questionnaires on thirst intensity, thirst distress, HF self-care behaviour, feeling depressive and feeling anxious. Data on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, pharmacological treatment and prescribed fluid restriction were retrieved from hospital medical records and by asking the patients. Data were also collected from blood, urine and saliva samples to measure biological markers of dehydration, HF severity and stress. Results: Thirst was prevalent in 1 out of 5 patients (II) and 63% of patients with worsening of HF symptoms experienced moderate to severe thirst distress at hospital admission (IV). Patients at an outpatient HF clinic who reported thirst at the first visit were more often thirsty at the follow-up visits compared to patients who did not report thirst at the first visit (II). Thirst intensity was significantly higher in patients hospitalized with decompensated HF compared to patients with no HF (median 75 vs. 25 mm, visual analogue scale [VAS] 0-100 mm; P < 0.001) (I). During optimization of pharmacological treatment of HF, thirst intensity increased in 67% of the patients. Thirst intensity increased significantly more in patients in the high thirst intensity group compared to patients in the low thirst intensity group (median +18 mm vs. -3 mm; P < 0.001) (III). Patients who were admitted to the hospital with high thirst distress continued to have high thirst distress over time (IV). A large number of patients were bothered by thirst and feeling dry in the mouth when they were thirsty (III, IV). Patients with a fluid restriction had high thirst distress over time and patients who were feeling depressed had high thirst intensity over time...

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Section: Sympathetic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirst in Patients with Heart Failure : Description of thirst dimensions and associated factors with thirst

Waldréus

2016

Linköping University Medical Dissertations

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“…Menthol, a cyclic terpene alcohol found in leaves of plants of the Mentha species, is used in a wide range of products, such as confectionary, candy, toothpastes, vapo-rubs, and aromatherapy inhalations [64]. Moderate concentrations of menthol induce a pleasant cool sensation, whereas higher doses can be noxious, causing burning, irritation, and pain [65][66][67][68][69].…”

Section: The Hot Of Capsaicin and The Cool Of Mentholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature sensing across species

McKemy

2007

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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The ability to detect changes in temperature is a fundamental sensory mechanism for every species and provides organisms with a detailed view of the environment. This review focuses on what is known of the neuronal and molecular substrates for thermosensation across species, focusing on the three robust model systems extensively used to study sensory signaling, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the laboratory mouse. Nematodes migrate to thermal climes that are amenable to their survival, a behavior that is regulated primarily through a single sensory neuron. Additionally, nematodes "learn" to seek out this temperate zone based upon their prior experience, a robust model of learning and memory. Drosophila larvae also prefer select thermal zones that are optimal for growth and have also developed vigorous mechanisms to avoid unfavorable conditions. In mammals, the transduction mechanisms for thermosensation have been identified primarily due to the fact that naturally occurring plant products evoke distinct psychophysical sensation of temperature change. More remarkably, the elucidation of the molecular sensors in mammals, along with those in Drosophila, has demonstrated conservation in the molecular mediators of temperature sensation across diverse species.

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“…Menthol presents in nature as both a fragrance and flavour molecule, targeting the olfactory and gustatory systems [12,13], typically imparting feelings of coolness and freshness [12][13][14], hence its seemingly ubiquitous use in consumable products such as confectionary, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. A more contemporary application of menthol has been that of an ergogenic aid which can be applied topically [15], used as a mouth swill [16][17][18] or ingested alongside ice slurry [9,10,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more contemporary application of menthol has been that of an ergogenic aid which can be applied topically [15], used as a mouth swill [16][17][18] or ingested alongside ice slurry [9,10,19]. This use is fitting, with menthol shown to increase the drive to breathe [20], elevate ventilation [21] and attenuate thirst [13], along with eliciting sensations of coolness and freshness that may alleviate thermal symptoms during exercise [3]. However, the variability of concentration of menthol within mouth swills and other menthol containing strategies applied to the oral cavity is large.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Best

Spears²,

Hurst

et al. 2018

Beverages

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Menthol mouth-swilling has been shown to improve performance across differing exercise modalities, yet no work has been conducted to ascertain the preferred concentration of menthol within a swill. Colour has also been shown to influence psychophysiological outcomes, and may influence the efficacy of ergogenic aids. We conducted two experiments: one to ascertain preferred menthol concentration (0.005-0.105% menthol), the second to assess colour preference (Light Blue, Dark Blue, Light Green, Dark Green, Red). Participants rated swills for Smell, Taste, Freshness, Mouth Feel and Irritation (plus Appearance in the second trial) via 15 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), having swilled and expectorated 25 mL of fluid. Both trials employed a crossover design, with tasting order assigned by Latin squares. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Standardised mean differences ±90% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of any observed differences. No significant differences were found between concentrations for total VAS score, but higher concentrations demonstrated a greater number of small effects. Similarly, no significant differences between colours were found. Small effects were found when Light Green was compared to Dark Green and Red. Effects were trivial when Light Green was compared to Light Blue (0.05 ± 0.20) and Dark Blue (0.19 ± 0.32). We recommend athletes employ a Light Green or Light Blue 0.1% menthol mouth-swill.

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Role of cold receptors and menthol in thirst, the drive to breathe and arousal

Cited by 110 publications

References 34 publications

Thirst in Patients with Heart Failure : Description of thirst dimensions and associated factors with thirst

Thirst in Patients with Heart Failure : Description of thirst dimensions and associated factors with thirst

Temperature sensing across species

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

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