Role of Co-infection with Malaria Parasites and Salmonella Typhoid in Bo City, Southern Sierra Leone

Sundufu, Abu James; James, Mutisya; Foday, I. K.

doi:10.5923/j.phr.20120206.05

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…In this study, the result of malaria and typhoid coinfection using Widal test is comparable with the reports of Ebonyi State 5.6% [ 21 ] but higher than the result of study in west Gojam, 2.8% [ 19 ] and lower than the reports in Bo city Sierra Leone 14.1% [ 8 ], Akoko 18.4% [ 17 ], Ibadan 12% [ 20 ], Enugu 16% [ 22 ], Kaduna 10.1% [ 7 ], Sokoto 10.3% [ 23 ], and Imo state 22% [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The prevalence of the typhoid fever using Widal titration test was comparable with the study in Ebonyi, 21.2% [ 21 ], and Ibadan, 16.7% [ 20 ], and less than that of the reports in Sierra Leone, 31.4% [ 8 ], Kaduna State, 36.6% [ 7 ], Akoko, 73.9% [ 17 ], Lagos, 27.6% [ 25 ], Benin, 39% [ 24 ], and Imo State, Nigeria, 42% [ 18 ], but higher than the reports from West Gojam 5.8% [ 19 ] and Sokoto, Nigeria, 10.3% [ 23 ]. This might be due to the differences in Widal test kits, year of study, season, difference in cultural practices, and toilet facility.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The result of this study is comparable with the reports from Akoko State, Nigeria, 37.6% [ 17 ] and Imo State, Nigeria, 39% [ 18 ]. But it is less than the reports from Sierra Leone 62.3% [ 8 ] West Gojam, Ethiopia, 62% [ 19 ] and Ibadan, Nigeria, 44.3% [ 20 ] and higher than the reports in Ebony, Nigeria, 13.2% [ 21 ], Enugu, Nigeria, 22.2% [ 22 ], Kaduna State, Nigeria, 27% [ 7 ], Sokoto, Nigeria, 17% [ 23 ], and Benin 5% [ 24 ]. The discrepancy of the results between the studies might be due to seasonal variation and difference in geographical locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…In this study the prevalence of malaria was higher in males 64.4% than females 35.6% but there was no statistically significant association ( P = 0.337). While other studies showed in Sierra Leone, females (53.4%) are more affected than males (46.6%) [ 8 ]. This might be due to the fact that males are sleeping outside their house for agricultural purpose and have greater chance to travel to malaria endemic area for crop cultivation or daily labor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Malaria and typhoid fever are a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries caused by very different organisms, protozoa and Gram negative bacilli, respectively, and transmitted via different mechanisms [ 5 – 8 ]. People in endemic areas are at a risk of contracting both infections concurrently [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Birhanie

Tessema

Ferede

et al. 2014

Advances in Medicine

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Background. Malaria and typhoid fever are major public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. People in endemic areas are at risk of contracting both infections concurrently. Objectives. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria, typhoid, and their coinfection among febrile patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 febrile patients suspected for malaria and/or typhoid fever from April to May, 2013, at Ayinba Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected for blood culture, Widal test, and blood film preparation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results. The prevalence of malaria was 36.5% (n = 73). Among these 32 (43.8%), 30 (41.1%) and 11 (15.1%) were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections, respectively. The seroprevalence of typhoid fever was 38 (19%), but 1 (0.5%) with blood culture. Malaria typhoid fever coinfection was 13 (6.5%). 2–5-year-old children and poor hand washing habit were significantly associated with malaria and typhoid infection, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions. The prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever was found high. Further studies should be done on the other determinants of malaria and typhoid fever coinfection in different seasons and different study areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Birhanie

Tessema

Ferede

et al. 2014

Advances in Medicine

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A Prospective Study of Etiological Agents Among Febrile Patients in Sierra Leone

Wang¹,

Zhao²,

Xie³

et al. 2021

Infect Dis Ther

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Introduction Sierra Leone has one of the highest burdens of febrile illnesses in the world. As the incidence of malaria diminishes, a better understanding of the spectrum of etiological agents was important for accurate diagnosis and empirical treatment of febrile illness. Methods Blood, nasopharyngeal, and fecal specimens were collected from febrile patients for serological, molecular detection, and microbiologic culture to identify potential pathogens. Results For this prospective study, 142 febrile patients were enrolled. The prevalence of malaria was higher in children aged 5–15 years old ( P = 0.185) and adults ( P = 0.018). Acute respiratory infection (ARI) presented more commonly in the under 5 years old group ( P = 0.009). For diarrhea, all children groups ( P = 0.024) were predominant. A total of 22.5% of the febrile patients had malaria infection, 19.7% had typhoid infection, and 2.8% were coinfected with malaria and typhoid. ARI was the most common causes of fever, accounting for 31.7% of patients, influenza A virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and five other respiratory pathogens were found. Diarrhea accounted for 16.2%, and seven kinds of diarrhea bacteria were isolated. Hepatitis B accounted for 8.5%, including five cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and ascites smear staining were both Gram-negative bacteria. Tuberculous encephalitis, parasitic diseases (ascaris and filariasis), and skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 0.7%, 2.1%, and 0.7%, respectively. Conclusions Evidence of a wide spectrum of febrile etiological agents other than malaria was identified. The spread of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) out of hospital and establishment of a national standard for Widal test will reduce the misdiagnosis of febrile diseases. Antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria are helpful for empirical treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-021-00474-y.

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Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wilairatana

Mala

Klangbud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The geographical overlaps of malaria parasites and Salmonella spp. can lead to co-infection of these two pathogens, especially in the tropics where malaria is endemic. Moreover, few literatures suggested that malaria infection was associated with Salmonella bacteremia. Therefore, this study quantified pooled prevalence of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021252322). Studies on co-infection of typhoidal/NTS and malaria were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-analyses on the following criteria were performed: (1) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients, (2) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS among malaria patients, (3) pooled prevalence of malaria infections among patients with Salmonella spp. infection, and (4) probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. Additionally, the case fatality rate and mean difference of malarial parasitemia between typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection and Plasmodium monoinfection were also determined. The subgroup analyses of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), countries, time (publication year), characteristics of participants, and diagnostic tests for identifying Salmonella spp. were also conducted. A sensitivity test was performed to determine the robustness of the study outcomes. Publication bias among the included studies was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA) with a p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Eighty-one studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Of the 73,775 study participants, 4523 had typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients were 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9–19%; I2, 99.4%; 2971/17,720 cases) and 1% (95% CI 1–1%; I2, 89.9%; 252/29,081 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS infection among patients with malaria were 31% (95% CI 23–39%; I2, 99.5%; 3202/19,208 cases) and 3% (95% CI 2–3%; I2, 86.8%; 407/40,426 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of malaria infection among patients with typhoidal/NTS were 17% (95% CI 6–29%; I2, 33.3%; 13/75 cases) and 43% (95% CI 32–53%; I2, 89.1%; 287/736 cases), respectively. Malaria infection was associated with typhoidal/NTS in children aged < 15 years (p < 0.0001; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI 0.23–0.58; I2, 73.9%; 3188/43,212 cases). The case fatality rate in patients with malaria and NTS co-infections was 16% (95% CI 9–24%; I2, 89.1%; 18/103 cases). From the view of the present study, the inappropriate use of the Widal test for Salmonella spp. diagnosis can overestimate the prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. Malaria infection associated with typhoidal/NTS in children and the high case fatality rates among few patients with co-infections were highlighted. Future prospective longitudinal studies using the appropriate and confirmatory dsiagnosis for Salmonella spp. infections are highly recommended to ensure the real prevalence of co-infection and highlight the outcome of co-infection for providing adequate treatment in febrile patients who live in areas where malaria is endemic, such as tropical Africa and India.

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Role of Co-infection with Malaria Parasites and Salmonella Typhoid in Bo City, Southern Sierra Leone

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Malaria, Typhoid Fever, and Their Coinfection among Febrile Patients at a Rural Health Center in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

A Prospective Study of Etiological Agents Among Febrile Patients in Sierra Leone

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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