Role of Chemokines and Inflammatory Cells in Respiratory Allergy

Abstract

The idea of "one airway, one disease" has been gaining importance in the last decade. In the upper and lower airways, allergic mechanisms interact with each other. In the initial stage of respiratory allergic inflammation, allergens contact the respiratory epithelium, which produces chemokines and inflammatory factors, which cause allergic reactions by binding to the corresponding receptors and chemotactic various inflammatory cells to reach the epithelium and tissues. It also drives inflammatory cells to activate and produce more inflammatory factors, thus producing a cascade amplification effect. Inflammatory cell aggregation and activation are very complex and interact with each other in a lattice structure. By blocking the action of various chemokines, inflammatory cell aggregation is reduced, and ultimately the symptoms of respiratory allergy are alleviated. Chemokines can serve as cues for coordinated recruitment of immune cells into and out of tissues, as well as directing the spatial organization of immune cells within tissues and cellular interactions. Chemokines are critical in directing immune cell migration and thus have an important role in the direction of respiratory allergy: however, chemokines are also involved in the production and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to respiratory allergy. In this article, linking the upper and lower respiratory tracts. We review the role of the chemokine system in the respiratory immune response and discuss how respiratory disease modulates overall chemokines to shape the type and outcome of the immune response to the treatment of respiratory allergic disease so that we can further deepen our knowledge of chemokines in the direction of respiratory allergy. In the future, we can do drug research and development based on this network structure and explore new research directions.

Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE effectively alleviates allergic rhinitis symptoms by modulating functions of various cytokines and chemokines

“…They participate in all of the three phases of AR by promoting inflammatory cell recruitment, differentiation, and allergic mediator release, and also be therapeutic targets for AR ( 36 ). The origin of chemokines and the inflammatory cells are different, but CCL and CXCL are two types of chemokines that are more closely related to the development of AR ( 37 ). Here, we found that 6 chemokines were significantly changed after GUANKE probiotic treatment.…”

“…CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL6 were markedly decreased, which receptor is CXCR2, expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, mast cells, and basophils, and the main function is related to B cell lymphopoiesis and neutrophil trafficking. While CXCL11 was significantly increased, which receptor is CXCR3, expressed in Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, and the main function is related to Type I adaptive immunity ( 37 ). Previous studies also showed that CCL4 and CCL23 were also significantly changed in AR patients ( 38 , 39 ).…”

Assessment of Allergic Rhinitis from Medical Microbiology Background: Review Article

“…Immunohistochemistry analysis of nasal turbinate biopsies taken from an AR patient six hours after an allergen challenge showed an increase in eosinophil infiltration, cell counts that expressed mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5, and expression of the lymphocyte chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 (12) .…”

A Novel Bionebulizer Approach to Study the Effects of Natural Mineral Water on a 3D In Vitro Nasal Model from Allergic Rhinitis Patients

“…Epithelial cells and fibroblasts are important players in AR and other allergic diseases as they are equipped to respond to allergens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and take part in immune response, namely by secreting chemokines and cytokines [18,19]. These chemokines and inflammatory factors bind to the corresponding receptors and chemotactic various inflammatory cells to reach the epithelium and tissues [20]. Interleukin-8/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (IL-8/CXCL8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (MIP-1α/CCL3), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2) are inflammatory chemokines whose main function is to recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes to the site of injury or infection, respectively [20].…”

“…These chemokines and inflammatory factors bind to the corresponding receptors and chemotactic various inflammatory cells to reach the epithelium and tissues [20]. Interleukin-8/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (IL-8/CXCL8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (MIP-1α/CCL3), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2) are inflammatory chemokines whose main function is to recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes to the site of injury or infection, respectively [20]. In allergic rhinitis, the chemokine IL-8 has been shown to increase in nasal secretions, after allergen challenge, although it may act in connection with other chemotactic factors in the recruitment of granulocytes [21,22].…”