Role of ceramides in diabetic foot ulcers (Review)

Abstract

diabetes mellitus (dM) is a metabolic disorder, which if not managed properly, can lead to serious health problems over time and impose significant financial burden on the patient, their family and society as a whole. The study of this disease and the underlying biological mechanism is gaining momentum. Multiple pieces of conclusive evidence show that ceramides are involved in the occurrence and development of diabetes. The present review focuses on the function of ceramides, a type of sphingolipid signaling molecule, to provide a brief description of ceramides and their metabolism, discuss the significant roles of ceramides in the healthy skin barrier, and speculate on the potential involvement of ceramides in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic foot ulcers (dFUs). Understanding these aspects of this disease more thoroughly is crucial to establish how ceramides contribute to the etiology of diabetic foot infections and identify possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of dFUs. Contents1. Introduction 2. Biosynthesis and degradation of ceramides 3. Ceramides in the skin 4. ceramides and dFUs 5. ceramides and vessels 6. ceramides and diabetes 7. ceramides and atherosclerosis 8. Mechanism of ceramides in diabetes 9. Mechanism of ceramides in atherosclerosis 10. Shared mechanisms between diabetic complications and dFUs 11. conclusions

Ceramides during Pregnancy and Obstetrical Adverse Outcomes

“…From a structural point of view, they consist of an 18-carbon-amino-alcohol backbone, usually sphingosine, linked via an amide bond to a fatty acid chain [2]. The latter can vary in terms of saturation and length, encompassing medium (12)(13), long (16)(17)(18), very long (20)(21)(22)(23)(24), and ultra-long (>26) carbon atoms [3]. The number of structurally unique ceramides exceeds 1500; novel molecules are discovered due to the continuous development of analytic techniques [4,5].…”

“…These responses render them relevant to many diseases. Ceramides potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune conditions, including rheumatic diseases and psoriasis, and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and gestational diabetes [2,6,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Emerging evidence suggests an association with cancer through epigenetic mechanisms and psychiatric disorders [27,28].…”