Role of cell cycle on the cellular uptake and dilution of nanoparticles in a cell population

Abstract

Nanoparticles are considered a primary vehicle for targeted therapies because they can pass biological barriers and enter and distribute within cells by energy-dependent pathways. So far, most studies have shown that nanoparticle properties, such as size and surface, can influence how cells internalize nanoparticles. Here, we show that uptake of nanoparticles by cells is also influenced by their cell cycle phase. Although cells in different phases of the cell cycle were found to internalize nanoparticles at similar rates, after 24 h the concentration of nanoparticles in the cells could be ranked according to the different phases: G2/M > S > G0/G1. Nanoparticles that are internalized by cells are not exported from cells but are split between daughter cells when the parent cell divides. Our results suggest that future studies on nanoparticle uptake should consider the cell cycle, because, in a cell population, the dose of internalized nanoparticles in each cell varies as the cell advances through the cell cycle.

Effects of the Presence or Absence of a Protein Corona on Silica Nanoparticle Uptake and Impact on Cells

“…1,9,26,[40][41][42][43][44] Figure 1 shows a comparison of the kinetics of uptake of silica nanoparticles in A549 cells in serum free and complete media, obtained by flow cytometry, as described in the Methods. As anticipated in Supplementary Figure S1, the kinetic study also clearly indicated that uptake was always higher when the nanoparticles were exposed to cells in SF.…”

“…Their characterisation in the same media is reported elsewhere. 1,40,42 Cell Culture A549 cells (original batches from ATCC, item number CCL-185) were cultured at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 in complete medium (cMEM), prepared as described above. Human glial astrocytoma 1321N1 cells (passage 2-10) and Human cervix epithelium HeLa cells (passage 5-10) were cultured at 37 ºC in 5% …”

Long term biotransformation and toxicity of dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles support their use in biomedical applications

“…4C). Nanoparticles also affect cell cycle progression [5,6], which is closely related to cell uptake of MNP [49]. Cytometric analysis of the cell cycle showed that 100 µM BPA led to an increase in the sub-G1 population (>40%) and a decrease in G0-G1 (∼30%) and S (∼10%) populations compared to untreated controls (Fig.…”

Transferrin-functionalized nanoparticles lose their targeting capabilities when a biomolecule corona adsorbs on the surface

“…Still, silencing also shows that a portion of uptake does not depend on TfR, and this is consistent with the limited colocalization with TfR observed in Fig.1c. Nanoparticle export 31 appears absent (Fig.1e), at least for time scales comparable to Tf export (shown in Supplementary Fig. S2d), and nanoparticles accumulate in the lysosomes (Fig.…”