Role of Calprotectin as a Biomarker in Periodontal Disease

Abstract

Periodontal disease (PD) is a common infectious and inflammatory disease characterised by inflammation of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth and destruction of the associated alveolar bone, eventually resulting in tooth loss. This disease is caused by periodontopathic bacteria in plaque biofilm and resultant innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal tissues. Calprotectin (CLP) is a calcium-binding protein of the S-100 protein family and is found to be induced by activated granulocytes, monocytes, and epithelial cells. CLP has been shown to play an important role in numerous inflammatory diseases and disorders. Increasing evidence indicates that CLP is involved in the progression of PD, and its levels may be associated with disease severity and outcome of periodontal treatments. This review will summarise recent studies regarding the presence, regulation, and function of CLP in PD. The findings indicate that CLP may be an effective biomarker for diagnosis and treatment for the PD.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid Peptidome Profiling in Healthy and in Periodontal Diseases

“…Several studies shed light on the key role of calprotectin and its subunits in the pathobiology of a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal diseases [49,81,82]. In addition the GCF calprotectin levels were positively correlated with clinical parameters of periodontitis [81]. Specifically, in our comparative study, we detected the acetylated form (m/z = 13153) and the acetylated and glutathionylated form of the S100-A9 (m/z = 13458) [24].…”

“…Our group detected two proteoforms of S100-A9 with m/z = 13,153 and 13,458 and the oxidized forms of S100-A8 [23,24]. S100-A9 together with S100 A8 belong to the damage-associated molecular pattern family members of danger signals that initiate and amplify local inflammation and innate immune responses [81]. S100-A9 is frequently associated with S100-A8 to form the S100-A8/S100-A9 heterodimer, known as calprotectin, with anti-microbial, chemotactic, pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities [81].…”

“…S100-A9 together with S100 A8 belong to the damage-associated molecular pattern family members of danger signals that initiate and amplify local inflammation and innate immune responses [81]. S100-A9 is frequently associated with S100-A8 to form the S100-A8/S100-A9 heterodimer, known as calprotectin, with anti-microbial, chemotactic, pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities [81]. Several studies shed light on the key role of calprotectin and its subunits in the pathobiology of a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal diseases [49,81,82].…”

“…S100-A9 is frequently associated with S100-A8 to form the S100-A8/S100-A9 heterodimer, known as calprotectin, with anti-microbial, chemotactic, pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities [81]. Several studies shed light on the key role of calprotectin and its subunits in the pathobiology of a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal diseases [49,81,82]. In addition the GCF calprotectin levels were positively correlated with clinical parameters of periodontitis [81].…”

Calprotectin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum of patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus before and after initial periodontal therapy

“…S100A8 and S100A9 can form homodimers in vivo, but they are primarily a 1:1 non‐covalent heterodimers. Other binding forms of S100A8 and S100A9 may also occur at the presence of Ca 2+ , such as trimer (S100A8) 2 (S100A9) or tetramer (S100A8) 2 (S100A9) 2 11 . Calprotectin has a broad regulatory effect on immune‐inflammatory responses.…”