Role of bacterial infections in extracellular vesicles release and impact on immune response

Spencer, Nicole; Yeruva, Laxmi

doi:10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.006

Cited by 26 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…As recently as 2019, several investigators started studying the relationship between metabolism and the immune response at the cellular and organismal levels in infectious diseases and investigating how the pathogen-induced remodeling in the host cell metabolism influences the infectious disease pathogenesis and host physiology ( 85 – 87 ).…”

Section: Neutrophil Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies conducted so far have demonstrated the release of exosomes during extracellular and intracellular bacterial infections. The significance of these cargos in host-pathogen interactions is at a preliminary stage of investigation, and the role of exosomes in host defense and in determining disease outcomes remains unexplored ( 86 , 87 , 105 – 108 ).…”

Section: Neutrophil Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neutrophil NETworking in ENL: Potential as a Putative Biomarker: Future Insights

Sahu

Sharma

et al. 2021

Front. Med.

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Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), also known as type 2 reaction (T2R) is an immune complex mediated (type III hypersensitivity) reactional state encountered in patients with borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy (BL and LL) either before, during, or after the institution of anti-leprosy treatment (ALT). The consequences of ENL may be serious, leading to permanent nerve damage and deformities, constituting a major cause of leprosy-related morbidity. The incidence of ENL is increasing with the increasing number of multibacillary cases. Although the diagnosis of ENL is not difficult to make for physicians involved in the care of leprosy patients, its management continues to be a most challenging aspect of the leprosy eradication program: the chronic and recurrent painful skin lesions, neuritis, and organ involvement necessitates prolonged treatment with prednisolone, thalidomide, and anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, which further adds to the existing morbidity. In addition, the use of immunosuppressants like methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, or biologics carries a risk of reactivation of persisters (Mycobacterium leprae), apart from their own end-organ toxicities. Most ENL therapeutic guidelines are primarily designed for acute episodes and there is scarcity of literature on management of patients with chronic and recurrent ENL. It is difficult to predict which patients will develop chronic or recurrent ENL and plan the treatment accordingly. We need simple point-of-care or ELISA-based tests from blood or skin biopsy samples, which can help us in identifying patients who are likely to require prolonged treatment and also inform us about the prognosis of reactions so that appropriate therapy may be started and continued for better ENL control in such patients. There is a significant unmet need for research for better understanding the immunopathogenesis of, and biomarkers for, ENL to improve clinical stratification and therapeutics. In this review we will discuss the potential of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear granulocytes) as putative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers by virtue of their universal abundance in human blood, functional versatility, phenotypic heterogeneity, metabolic plasticity, differential hierarchical cytoplasmic granule mobilization, and their ability to form NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps). We will touch upon the various aspects of neutrophil biology relevant to ENL pathophysiology in a step-wise manner. We also hypothesize about an element of metabolic reprogramming of neutrophils by M. leprae that could be investigated and exploited for biomarker discovery. In the end, a potential role for neutrophil derived exosomes as a novel biomarker for ENL will also be explored.

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Section: Neutrophil Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neutrophil Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil NETworking in ENL: Potential as a Putative Biomarker: Future Insights

Sahu

Sharma

et al. 2021

Front. Med.

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“…Here, Spencer and Yeruva discuss the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles and their role during bacterial infection [ 16 ]. The authors first provide a detailed description of the diversity of EVs in size, content, and biogenesis pathways.…”

Section: Also In This Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereupon, they focus on EV release by cells infected by bacteria, and how this process is both part of the immune response and can be hijacked by pathogens. The review concludes with pertinent open questions regarding the impact of EVs on the inflammatory response and to which degree they benefit the host or the invader [ 16 ].…”

Section: Also In This Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Guards! Guards! How innate lymphoid cells ensure local law and order

Häfner

2021

Biomedical Journal

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This special issue of the Biomedical Journal is dedicated to the latest official recruits in the field of immunology: innate lymphoid cells, the tissue-resident sentinels and first responders to damage or invasion. Subsequently, we consider extracellular vesicle release during bacterial infection, how immunomodulation can avoid compromising Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance, and how innate immunity jeopardises the organism during rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, we ponder over the predictive value of cardiac troponin in influenza, the virtues of cashew nuts and bilirubin, as well as holes in the heart. Finally, we learn that mandibular movement during swallowing increases with the vertical dimension of occlusion, and that early controlled relaxation incisions restore the blood supply to the extremities in harlequin ichthyosis neonates.

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“…On the other hand, many medium-sized EVs are produced via direct plasma budding as stated above, and therefore are comprised of a lipid bilayer that carries a variety of cell surface proteins and nucleic acids [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolving Role of Caveolin-1: A Critical Regulator of Extracellular Vesicles

Wang

Carnino

et al. 2020

Medical Sciences

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Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in mediating intercellular communication and inter-organ crosstalk both at normal physiological conditions and in the pathogenesis of human diseases. EV cargos are made up of a broad spectrum of molecules including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and microRNAs. The complex EV cargo composition is cell type-specific. A dynamic change in EV cargos occurs along with extracellular stimuli and a change in the pathophysiological status of the host. Currently, the underlying mechanisms by which EVs are formed and EV cargos are selected in the absence and presence of noxious stimuli and pathogens remain incompletely explored. The term EVs refers to a heterogeneous group of vesicles generated via different mechanisms. Some EVs are formed via direct membrane budding, while the others are produced through multivesicular bodies (MVBs) or during apoptosis. Despite the complexity of EV formation and EV cargo selection, recent studies suggest that caveolin-1, a well-known structural protein of caveolae, regulates the formation and cargo selection of some EVs, such as microvesicles (MVs). In this article, we will review the current understanding of this emerging and novel role of cav-1.

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Role of bacterial infections in extracellular vesicles release and impact on immune response

Cited by 26 publications

References 79 publications

Neutrophil NETworking in ENL: Potential as a Putative Biomarker: Future Insights

Neutrophil NETworking in ENL: Potential as a Putative Biomarker: Future Insights

Guards! Guards! How innate lymphoid cells ensure local law and order

The Evolving Role of Caveolin-1: A Critical Regulator of Extracellular Vesicles

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