Role of articulation in auditory and visual short-term memory

Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: Similar patterns of rehearsal and similar effects of word length, presentation rate, and articulatory suppression

“…It is well known that the word length effect is normally found in ISR when the words are presented with both visual and auditory presentation and that ISR performance is also affected by articulatory suppression (Levy, 1971;Murray, 1968). However, when participants are required to recall lists of short and long words with and without articulatory suppression, the word length effect persists with auditory presentation but is eliminated (Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984;Baddeley et al, 1975;Longoni, Richardson, & Aiello, 1993) or reduced (La Pointe & Engle, 1990;Russo & Grammatopoulou, 2003) under visual presentation.…”

Counting on working memory in arithmetic problem solving

“…The contents of the passive store are subject to decay, but can be refreshed and maintained by subvocal rehearsal. Evidence for this view comes in part from the fact that when subjects are required to suppress articulation by repeating aloud an irrelevant speech sound, such as "blah, blah, blah" or "the, the, the," this disrupts temporary memory for sequences of verbal items, such as digits or words (e.g., Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984;Levy, 1971;Murray, 1968). The evidence for phonological coding derives from the finding that phonologically similar material is recalled less accurately than is phonologically distinct material.…”

Twisting tongues and memories: Explorations of the relationship between language production and verbal working memory

“…The phonological loop component of the model is in turn composed of a temporary phonological store whose contents decay with time unless refreshed via an articulatory control process. A number of key phenomena have been used to support the phonological loop concept, among them effects of phonological similarity (Conrad, 1964;Conrad & Hull, 1964;Wickelgren, 1965), word length (Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975), irrelevant sound (Colle & Welsh, 1976;Salame & Baddeley, 1982), and concurrent articulation (Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984;Levy, 1971;Murray, 1968). On this view, while participants must engage in language production to complete the recall task, an independent storage mechanism is responsible for memory maintenance.…”