Role of Antioxidant Enzymes and Glutathione S-Transferase in Bromoxynil Herbicide Stress Tolerance in Wheat Plants

Abstract

Background: Numerous pesticides and herbicides used in excess cause oxidative stress in plants. These chemicals protect plants from weeds and pests, but they also have very negative side effects, making them common abiotic stressors. One of the most significant nutritional crops in the world is the wheat plant. Conditions of herbicide stress have a negative impact on the plant’s phonological phases and metabolic pathways. Plants primarily make an effort to adjust to the environment and develop oxidative homeostasis, which supports stress tolerance. Methods: When controlling broadleaf weeds that emerge after cereal crop plants have been planted, bromoxynil is frequently used as a selective-contact herbicide. This study looked at the effects of the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis and Nostoc muscorum aqueous extracts, tryptophan, and bromoxynil (Bh) alone or in combination on wheat plant growth parameters. Both tryptophan and cyanobacterial extract were used as chemical and natural safeners against Bh application. The antioxidant activity and transcriptome studies using qRT-PCR were assayed after 24, 48, 72, 96 h, and 15 days from Bh application in the vegetation stage of wheat plants (55 days old). Results: In comparison with plants treated with Bh, wheat plants treated with cyanobacteria and tryptophan showed improvements in all growth parameters. Following application of Bh, wheat plants showed reduced glutathione content, as well as reduced antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-s-transferase. The combination of different treatments and Bh caused alleviation of the harmful effect induced by Bh on the measured parameters. Additionally, the expression of glutathione synthase and glutathione peroxidase, in addition to those of three genes (Zeta, Tau, and Lambda) of the GST gene family, was significantly upregulated when using Bh alone or in combination with different treatments, particularly after 24 h of treatment. Conclusion: The current study suggests using cyanobacterial extracts, particularly the A. platensis extract, for the development of an antioxidant defense system against herbicide toxicity, which would improve the metabolic response of developed wheat plants.

Unveiling Glucosinolate Diversity in Brassica Germplasm and In Silico Analysis for Determining Optimal Antioxidant Potential

“…These affinities are important for understanding the potential influence of these ligands on modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and managing oxidative-stress-related conditions [ 86 ]. CAT plays a role in hydrogen peroxide detoxification, GPX is involved in reducing lipid hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide and SOD is responsible for the dismutation of superoxide radicals [ 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ]. The molecular interactions between ligands and antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPX, and SOD are crucial for understanding their potential therapeutic efficacy in combating oxidative-stress-related diseases.…”

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria on Antioxidant Status, Acetolactate Synthase Activity, and Growth of Common Wheat and Canola Exposed to Metsulfuron-Methyl

“…In addition, conjugates of glutathione and hydrophobic compounds become more soluble and less toxic. The compounds targeted in this way by glutathione and glutathione transferases cover a wide range of toxins of natural and anthropogenic origin, including drugs, pesticides, and herbicides [ 47 , 48 ]. Apparently, the above applies to metsulfuron-methyl.…”

Antioxidative Parameters Improvements on Nutritional Approach: A Study on Hypoxic Multiple Organs of Sprague-Dawley

“…PFC contains tryptophan (Badgujar et al 2009), which functions as an antioxidant molecule that collaborates with other amino acids, such as histidine and lysine, to boost Glutathione S-transferase activity (GST). It is known to play a key role in detoxifying and reducing ROS and could stimulate antioxidant metabolism (Gaafar et al 2022). In which tryptophan is the raw material for serotonin synthesis, the antioxidant mechanism might be caused by the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups from serotonin, which acts as antioxidant compounds in the mechanism of radical scavenging activity with a high content of active antioxidant substances (Nurrahma et al 2021;Meliala et al 2022).…”