Role of Antimicrobial Drug in the Development of Potential Therapeutics

Abstract

Population of the world run into several health-related emergencies among mankind and humans as it creates a challenge for the evolution of novel drug discoveries. One such can be the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in both hospital and community settings, which have been due to an inappropriate use and inadequate control of antibiotics that has led to the foremost human health concerns with a high impact on the global economy. So far, there has been application of two strategies for the development of anti-infective agents either by classical antibiotics that have been derived for their synthetic analogs with increased efficacy or screening natural compounds along with the synthetic compound libraries for the antimicrobial activities. However, need for newer treatment options for infectious diseases has led research to develop new generation of antimicrobial activity to further lessen the spread of antibiotic resistance. Currently, the principles aim to find novel mode of actions or products to target the specific sites and virulence factors in pathogens by a series of better understanding of physiology and molecular aspects of the microbial resistance, mechanism of infection process, and gene-pathogenicity relationship. The design various novel strategies tends to provide us a path for the development of various antimicrobial therapies that intends to have a broader and wider antimicrobial spectrum that helps to combat MDR strains worldwide. The development of antimicrobial peptides, metabolites derived from plants, microbes, phage-based antimicrobial agents, use of metal nanoparticles, and role of CRISPR have led to an exceptional strategies in designing and developing the next-generation antimicrobials. These novel strategies might help to combat the seriousness of the infection rates and control the health crisis system.

Eco-friendly synthesized nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: an updated review

“…Extracts from the seeds, fruits, leaves, stems of different herbs and higher plants are rich in antioxidants that help boost the capacity of NPs. Therefore, the use of plant-based phytochemicals for the synthesis of NPs unites natural/plant sciences and nanotechnology, and enables safe, environmentally friendly, justifiable, and economically feasible green technologies (Mayegowda et al, 2022a;Mayegowda et al, 2023).…”

Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and its antibacterial properties

“…Green synthesis is one of the widely used, cost-efficient, non-toxic, and non-hazardous techniques for the preparation of simple metal oxides ( Patil et al, 2021 ; Khandaker et al, 2022 ; Manjula et al, 2022 ; ShilpaMayegowda et al, 2022 ). Nanoparticles obtained by the green synthesis technique have diverse applications such as-anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, effective drug delivery, bioactivity, tumor targeting, anti-cancer, and bio-absorption apart from biological applications they are also used in transistors, magnetic devices, photocatalysts, microelectronic devices, anticorrosive coatings, electrocatalysts and in powder metallurgy ( Ijaz et al, 2020 ; Salem and Amr, 2021 ; Mayegowda et al, 2022a ; Mayegowda et al, 2022b ; Samuel et al, 2022 ; Wu and Mu, 2022 ). Different parts (root, stem, leaves, floor, seeds) of plant extracts are used for material preparation in the green synthesis technique.…”

“…These can be the future alternative in the medical domain for bacterial infections ( Rodrigues et al, 2019 ; Nafari et al, 2020 ; Raura et al, 2020 ). The nanoparticles synthesized using different metal oxides have proven to be toxic against bacterial cells as they can rapidly penetrate the cell wall and speeds up the formation of the ROS (reactive oxygen species) or degrades the enzymes in the bacterial cell wall and eventually lead to death ( Mayegowda et al, 2022a ; Mayegowda et al, 2022b ). Many metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized via the green route, namely, ZnO-Nps are reported to be toxic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans .…”