Role of annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration

Abstract

The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory genes, such as GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9, and SUV39h1, were differentially regulated in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant up-regulation of ANXA2a and ANXA2b transcripts and their protein products during the regeneration process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR analysis of the regulatory regions of the ANXA2a and ANXA2b genes demonstrated the ability to repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.

Towards a gene regulatory network shaping the fins of the Princess cichlid

“…Some of the genes detected in the present study have already been implicated in studies of teleost fish fin regeneration and morphogenesis (see details in Table 1 ). These include anxa2a , a member of the annexin family 36 , two angiopoietic protein encoding genes, angptl5 and angptl7 11 , 37 , dpysl5a , which encodes a member of the Collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) family 38 , and c1qtnf5 , encoding a basement membrane component 39 . Some other members of the gene network are not directly indicated in fin regeneration but appeared to have related functions in vertebrates.…”

DNA demethylation is a driver for chick retina regeneration

“…In this regard, loss-of-function studies demonstrated that H3K27me3 demethylase KDM6B.1 is necessary for the process of fin regeneration in zebrafish [ 41 ]. Furthermore, genes encoding histone methyltransferases and acetyltransferases, in addition to histone modifications H3K9me2, H4K20me3, H3K4me3, and H3K14Ac, are differentially regulated or modified in this process [ 41 , 42 ]. On the other hand, an Ezh2-deficient zebrafish line depicts defective spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that H3K27me3 and Ezh2 are important in this regenerative process [ 43 ].…”

Novel domain architectures and functional determinants in atypical annexins revealed by phylogenomic analysis

“…Finally, it should be recognized that the regulation of genome expression may represent an even more important determinant of function than the protein products themselves. Thus noncoding RNA and epigenetic influences on annexin expression (Wang et al, 2013;Bae et al, 2015) also warrant greater attention and may be particularly relevant in special cases such as the copy number variants of annexins A8 in human or A1 in species with special capabilities such as limb regeneration (Saxena et al, 2016).…”