Role of Ammonia on the Feedback Between AWC and Inorganic Aerosol Formation During Heavy Pollution in the North China Plain

Ge, Baozhu; Xu, Xiangde; Ma, Zhiqiang; Pan, Xiaole; Wang, Zhe; Lin, Weili; Ouyang, Bin; Xu, Da; Lee, James; Zheng, Mei; Ji, Dongsheng; Sun, Yele; Dong, Huabin; Squires, Freya A.; Fu, Pingqing; Wang, Zifa

doi:10.1029/2019ea000799

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…However, NH 3 emissions have been observed by satellites to have increased by ∼ 30 % from 2008 to 2016 over the North China Plain (NCP; Liu et al, 2018). The faster reduction rate of SO 2 compared with NO x emissions, in conjunction with elevated NH 3 level, made it reasonable to switch the dominant inorganic component in fine aerosol particles from sulfate to nitrate in recent years, similarly to European countries (Sun et al, 2015;Hu et al, 2017Hu et al, , 2016Wu et al, 2018;Guo et al, 2014;Huang et al, 2014Huang et al, , 2010Ge et al, 2017;Xie et al, 2019;Li et al, 2018). Field measurements in Beijing show that the annually averaged NO − 3 /SO 2− 4 molar ratio of NR-PM 1 (nonrefractory PM 1 ) in 2012 (1.3-1.8; Sun et al, 2015) signifi-cantly increased compared to that in 2008 (0.9-1.5; .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement leads to severe nitrate-dominated particulate matter pollution and low visibility

Wang

Chen

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. As has been the case in North America and western Europe, the SO2 emissions have substantially reduced in the North China Plain (NCP) in recent years. Differential rates of reduction in SO2 and NOx concentrations result in the frequent occurrence of particulate matter pollution dominated by nitrate (pNO3-) over the NCP. In this study, we observed a polluted episode with the particulate nitrate mass fraction in nonrefractory PM1 (NR-PM1) being up to 44 % during wintertime in Beijing. Based on this typical pNO3--dominated haze event, the linkage between aerosol water uptake and pNO3- enhancement, further impacting on visibility degradation, has been investigated based on field observations and theoretical calculations. During haze development, as ambient relative humidity (RH) increased from ∼10 % to 70 %, the aerosol particle liquid water increased from ∼1 µg m−3 at the beginning to ∼75 µg m−3 in the fully developed haze period. The aerosol liquid water further increased the aerosol surface area and volume, enhancing the condensational loss of N2O5 over particles. From the beginning to the fully developed haze, the condensational loss of N2O5 increased by a factor of 20 when only considering aerosol surface area and volume of dry particles, while increasing by a factor of 25 when considering extra surface area and volume due to water uptake. Furthermore, aerosol liquid water favored the thermodynamic equilibrium of HNO3 in the particle phase under the supersaturated HNO3 and NH3 in the atmosphere. All the above results demonstrated that pNO3- is enhanced by aerosol water uptake with elevated ambient RH during haze development, in turn facilitating the aerosol take-up of water due to the hygroscopicity of particulate nitrate salt. Such mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement can rapidly degrade air quality and halve visibility within 1 d. Reduction of nitrogen-containing gaseous precursors, e.g., by control of traffic emissions, is essential in mitigating severe haze events in the NCP.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement leads to severe nitrate-dominated particulate matter pollution and low visibility

Wang

Chen

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…The simulated N ox for dry deposition in Figure 7 Figure S3 and Figure S4 of the supplementary documents). This delivered an important message that the uncertainties of the physical and chemical processes in the participant models, including gas-particle equilibrium (Ge et al, 2019), dry deposition parameter scheme (Zhang et al, 2003), transportation as well as the chemical reaction with other acidifying substances (Liu et al, 2019), in the regions of high emission originated from agricultural activities in growing seasons may lead to significant deviation of simulated N rd dry depositions.…”

Section: Coefficient Of Variations For N Depositions In Mics-asia IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

MICS-Asia III: Multi-model comparison of reactive Nitrogen deposition over China

Itahashi

Sato

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China has attracted huge public attention in recently years due to the increasing anthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and its impacts on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, limited long-term and multi-site measurements have restrained the understanding on the mechanism of the Nr deposition as well as the chemical transport model (CTM) improvement. In this study, the performance of the simulated wet and dry deposition for different Nr species, i.e., particulate NO3− and NH4+, gaseous NOx, HNO3 and NH3, have been conducted using the framework of Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III. Nine Models, including 5 WRF-CAMQ models, 2 self-developed regional models, a global model and a RAMS-CMAQ model, have been selected for the comparison. For wet depositions, observation data from 83 measurement sites of EANET, CREN, CAUDN, NADMN and DEE of China have been collected and normalized to compare with model results. In general, most models showed the consistent spatial and temporal variation of both oxidized N (Nox) and reduced N (Nrd) wet depositions in China with the NME around at 50 %, which is lower than the value of 70 % based on EANET observation over Asia. Both the ratio of wet or dry deposition to the total inorganic N deposition (TIN) and the ratios of TIN to their emissions have shown the consistent results with the NNDMN estimations. The performance of ensemble results (ENM) was further assessed with the measurement from satellite. In different regions of China, the results showed that the simulated Nox wet deposition was overestimated in North East China (NE) but underestimated in south of China (SE+SW), while the Nrd wet deposition was underpredicted in all regions by all models. The deposition of Nox have large uncertainties than the Nrd especially in North China (NC), indicating chemical reaction process is one of the most importance factors that affecting the model performance. Compared to Critical load (CL) value, the Nr deposition in NC, SE and SW reached or exceeded the reported CL value and exerted serious ecological impacts. The control of Nrd in NC and SW and Nox in SE would be effective to mitigate the TIN deposition in these regions. More interestingly, the Nr deposition in Tibet plateau with the high ratio of TIN/emission (~3.0), indicating a significant import from outside should be focused in the future due to its climatical influence to the sensitive ecosystem in whole China.

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“…NH 4 + contributed around 47% of analyzed WSIIs at the urban site and 37% at the rural site. NH 4 + has been reported to be dominating atmospheric species in fog water and wintertime aerosol studies (Ali et al, 2004;Nath and Yadav, 2018;Ge et al, 2019). Since animal/human excreta are one of the most important sources of NH 3 , densely populated IGP has been observed as one of the major hotspots of ammonia emission in the world (Galloway et al, 2004).…”

Section: Relative Contribution Of Wsiismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since animal/human excreta are one of the most important sources of NH 3 , densely populated IGP has been observed as one of the major hotspots of ammonia emission in the world (Galloway et al, 2004). Owing to higher solubility, NH 4 + readily gets scavenged by water droplets present in the air during humid conditions in winter mornings and reacts with the atmospheric acidic components such as chlorides, nitrates and sulfates (Waldman et al, 1982;Jacob and Hoffmann, 1983;Bongartz et al, 1995;Ge et al, 2019). Urban sources of NH 3 include vehicular exhaust, open waste burning and human excreta/sludge degradation, whereas biomass burning, emissions from agriculture and livestock farming remain as major sources in the rural areas .…”

Section: Relative Contribution Of Wsiismentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Air Pollution Events Spiking Ionic Levels at Urban and Rural Sites of Indo-Gangetic Plain

Mishra

Kulshrestha

2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The present study is a modest attempt to quantify the water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the early morning (fogforming) ambient air on the central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during winter via dissolution using a low-cost refluxing mist chamber. The chemical composition of the bulk samples showed significant differences in the WSIIs between the two monitored sites, one urban and the other rural, with NH 4 + (47% and 37%, respectively) and Ca 2+ (18% and 8%, respectively) being the major cations and NO 3-(10% and 16%, respectively) and SO 4 2-(9% and 14%, respectively) being the major anions. The WSII concentration spiked during November at both locations (∑WSII = 159.6 and 141.9 µg m-3) due to two extreme air pollution events, viz., i) the burning of crop residue and ii) the Diwali festival. These changes, which were corroborated by observations of the meteorological conditions, played an essential role in the wintertime atmospheric chemistry. On foggy days, significant scavenging of ions associated with crustal dust (Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ and Cl-) occurred, although the ambient concentrations of other species (K + , NH 4 + , NO 2-, NO 3and SO 4 2-) remained relatively unaffected. Furthermore, the relationship between the cations and anions demonstrated that NH 3 and HONO, as the primary gaseous species, were involved in heterogeneous aqueous-phase reactions and the formation of secondary aerosols. Source apportionment based on principal component analysis and the mass ratios also indicated that local anthropogenic sources, in addition to natural ones such as soil/road dust and biogenic emissions, influenced the WSII composition. Vehicular exhaust, solid waste and biofuel burning were identified as the major contributors of WSIIs at the urban site, whereas biomass burning, agricultural activity and coal combustion in brick kilns were the predominant sources at the rural site.

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Role of Ammonia on the Feedback Between AWC and Inorganic Aerosol Formation During Heavy Pollution in the North China Plain

Cited by 58 publications

References 89 publications

Mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement leads to severe nitrate-dominated particulate matter pollution and low visibility

Mutual promotion between aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement leads to severe nitrate-dominated particulate matter pollution and low visibility

MICS-Asia III: Multi-model comparison of reactive Nitrogen deposition over China

Extreme Air Pollution Events Spiking Ionic Levels at Urban and Rural Sites of Indo-Gangetic Plain

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