Role of Aluminum and Lithium in Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reaction—A Review

Abstract

Effective mitigation of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is critical for producing durable concrete. The use of alumina-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and chemical admixtures such as lithium salts to prevent expansion caused by ASR was first reported 70 years ago, shortly after the discovery of ASR in 1940s. Despite numerous investigations, the understanding of the mechanisms of Al and Li for mitigating ASR remain partially inexplicit in the case of Al, and hardly understood in the case of Li. This paper reviews the available information on the effect of Al and Li on ASR expansion, the influencing factors, possible mechanisms and limitations. The role of Al in mitigating ASR is likely related to the reduction of dissolution rate of reactive silica. Moreover, the presence of Al may alter the structure of crystalline ASR products to zeolite or its precursor, but such effect seems to be not that significant at ambient conditions due to the slow kinetics of zeolite formation. Several mechanisms for the lithium salts in mitigating ASR have been proposed, but most of them are not conclusive primarily due to the lack of knowledge about the formed reaction products. Combination of Al-rich SCMs and lithium salts may be used as an economic solution for ASR mitigation, although systematic studies are necessary prior to the applications.

Improving Concrete Infrastructure Projects Conditions by Mitigating Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Fine Aggregates

“…Several ASR mitigation techniques are being utilized to mitigate, or possibly eliminate, its damaging effect including (1) the use of chemical admixtures as lithium salts to halt ASR [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], (2) the use of mineral admixtures, also known as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), as silica fume, quartz flour, fly ash, blast furnace slag, metakaolin, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes [42][43][44][45][46][47], and (3) the use of chemical and latex surface painting to prevent the moisture ingress into hardened concrete surface [48][49][50].…”

Improving Concrete Infrastructure Project Conditions by Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Fine Aggregates

“…Several ASR mitigation techniques are being utilized to mitigate, or possibly eliminate, its damaging effect, including (1) the use of chemical admixtures such as lithium salts to halt ASR [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]; (2) the use of mineral admixtures, also known as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as silica fume, quartz flour, fly ash, blast furnace slag, metakaolin, and multiwall carbon nanotubes [42][43][44][45][46]; and (3) the use of chemical and latex surface painting to prevent moisture ingress into hardened concrete surfaces [47][48][49].…”