Role of air temperature and wind in the time necessary for a finger to freeze

Wilson, O; Goldman, Rachel

doi:10.1152/jappl.1970.29.5.658

Cited by 67 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, since the goal of the study was to characterize the CIVD response during exposure to cold wind, past studies were examined to determine the appropriate lower ambient temperature that would elicit a CIVD response, yet still minimize the risk of frostbite. Wilson and Goldman (1970) found that there is a small risk for finger freezing when the ambient temperature is À10°C or above (even at high wind speeds), but at À15°C or below the risk increases substantially with increasing wind speeds. In a paper by Danielsson (1996), previously unpublished data of Wilson and Goldman (1970) was reported, which indicated that observed frostbite frequency in the fingers was 63% when the ambient temperature was À11.5°C with a 10 m/s wind, whereas the frostbite frequency was 0% during exposure to À9.5°C with a 10 m/s wind.…”

Section: Clothing Wornmentioning

confidence: 98%

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Brajkovic

Ducharme

2006

Eur J Appl Physiol

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One purpose of this study was to characterize the facial skin temperature and cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response of 12 subjects (six males and six females) during exposure to cold wind (i.e., -10 to 10 degrees C; 2, 5, and 8 m/s wind speed). This study found that at each wind speed, facial skin temperature decreased as ambient temperature decreased. The percentage of subjects showing facial CIVD decreased significantly at an ambient temperature above -10 degrees C. A similar CIVD percentage was observed between 0 degrees C dry and 10 degrees C wet (face sprayed with fine water mist) at each wind speed. No CIVDs were observed during the 10 degrees C dry condition at any wind speed. The incidence of CIVD response was more uniform across facial sites when there was a greater cold stress (i.e., -10 degrees C and 8 m/s wind). Another objective of the study was to examine the effect of the thermal state of the body (as reflected by core temperature) on the facial skin temperature response during rest and exercise. This study found that nose skin temperature was significantly higher in exercising subjects with an elevated core temperature even though there was no significant difference in face skin temperature between the two conditions. Therefore, this finding suggests that acral regions of the face, such as the nose, are more sensitive to changes in the thermal state of the body, and hence will stay warmer relative to other parts of the face during exercise in the cold.

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Section: Clothing Wornmentioning

confidence: 98%

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Brajkovic

Ducharme

2006

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…The CIVD reaction and the related blood vessels are important issues for thermal physiologists, since CIVD is thought to reduce the risk of local cold injuries (Iida 1949). Wilson and Goldman (1970) found in their experiments that freezing did not take place when CIVD occurred. It is likely that CIVD also improves the manual dexterity and tactile sensitivity during work in the cold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Daanen¹

2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

239

247

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Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the finger tips generally occurs 5-10 min after the start of local cold exposure of the extremities. This phenomenon is believed to reduce the risk of local cold injuries. However, CIVD is almost absent during hypothermia, when survival of the organism takes precedence over the survival of peripheral tissue. Subjects that are often exposed to local cold (e.g. fish filleters) develop an enhanced CIVD response. Also, differences between ethnic groups are obvious, with black people having the weakest CIVD response. Many other factors affect CIVD, such as diet, alcohol consumption, altitude, age and stress. CIVD is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the sympathetic nerves to the muscular coat of the arterio-venous anastomoses (AVAs) due to local cold. AVAs are specific thermoregulatory organs that regulate blood flow in the cold and heat. Their relatively large diameter enables large amounts of blood to pass and convey heat to the surrounding tissue. Unfortunately, information on the quantity of AVAs is lacking, which makes it difficult to estimate the full impact on peripheral blood flow. This review illustrates the thermospecificity of the AVAs and the close link to CIVD. CIVD is influenced by many parameters, but controlled experiments yield information on how CIVD protects the extremities against cold injuries.

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“…CIVD has been suggested as a preventative mechanism against cold injuries (Lewis 1930;Yoshimura and Iida 1952;Wilson and Goldman 1970;Daanen 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of exercise-induced elevation in core temperature on cold-induced vasodilatation response in toes

2009

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Cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) has been proposed as a potential protective mechanism against cold injuries during exposure of extremities to a cold environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise and the associated elevation in core temperature on toe skin temperatures during immersion of the foot in cold (8 degrees C) water. Subjects (N = 8) participated in two trials. In one, they conducted an incremental exercise to exhaustion (exercise) on a cycle ergometer, which was followed by immersion of the right foot in 8 degrees C water. In the second trial (control), immersion of the foot in cold water was not preceded by exercise. Upon completion of the exercise in the exercise trial, and at the onset of the immersion of the foot in cold water, tympanic temperature was 0.6 degrees C (P < 0.01) higher than pre-exercise levels. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the number of CIVD waves, but not their amplitudes, in the exercise trial compared to the control trial. A CIVD response occurred in 57.5% of all toes in the exercise trial, and in only 27.5% in the control trial. Additionally, 50% of subjects exhibited CIVD in at least one toe in the control trial, and 87.5% during the exercise trial. It is concluded that exercise, and particularly the associated elevation in core temperature, enhances the frequency of the toe CIVD responses, and can therefore potentially act as a protective mechanism against cold injury.

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Role of air temperature and wind in the time necessary for a finger to freeze

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind

Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

The effect of exercise-induced elevation in core temperature on cold-induced vasodilatation response in toes

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