Role of adipose tissue in facial aging

Abstract

Age-dependent modification of the facial subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) connected with reduction of its volume, modification of collagen content and adhesion between dermal and adipose layers can significantly influence mechanical stability of the skin and cause the development of aging symptoms such as wrinkles. Typical aging appearance in facial skin is at least partly connected with special phenotypical features of facial preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. In this paper, we have discussed the possible roles of local inflammation, compartmental structure of facial sWAT and trans-differentiation processes such as beiging of white adipocytes and adipocyte-myofibroblast transition in facial skin aging.

Adipose tissue, fillers, and skin tightening

“…As a result, adipocyte‐myofibroblast transition becomes favored which leads to the deposition of extracellular fibrotic material and skin wrinkling (Kruglikov & Scherer, ; Marangoni et al, ). The adipose tissue‐related aging is associated with local inflammation under the participation of macrophages and cytokines (Wollina, Goldman, & Tchernev, ; Wollina, Wetzker, Abdel‐Naser, & Kruglikov, ).…”

“…Usually, the deep facial fat pads are slowly renewing with an average turnover time of about 10 years (Arner et al, ). With this background, the injection into deep facial fat depots with higher concentrated HA filler—known to produce long‐standing volumizing effects—may be explained by activation of adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (Kruglikov & Wollina, ; Wollina, , ; Wollina, Goldman, et al, ; Wollina, Wetzker, et al, ). Facial rejuvenation with HA filler should therefore start with the injection into deep mid‐facial fat pads to achieve optimal results (Wollina, 2015b).…”

3D-printed drug testing platform based on a 3D model of aged human skeletal muscle

“…Furthermore, in vitro, this cytokine is known to have an effect on myogenesis inhibition 29 and cause atrophy 30 , as demonstrated in C2C12 cell lines, as well as having an important effect in muscle regeneration after injury in vivo 31 . Sarcopenia has also been linked to the presence of macrophage-secreted TNF-α in men during aging 32 . Moreover, the study of aging in skeletal muscle tissue has also relevant applications in the cosmetics field, since skin manifestations of aging have been linked to physiological and functional changes of subcutaneous tissues, such as adipose tissue and skeletal facial muscle 32,33 .…”

“…Sarcopenia has also been linked to the presence of macrophage-secreted TNF-α in men during aging 32 . Moreover, the study of aging in skeletal muscle tissue has also relevant applications in the cosmetics field, since skin manifestations of aging have been linked to physiological and functional changes of subcutaneous tissues, such as adipose tissue and skeletal facial muscle 32,33 . Hence, by treating healthy human myocytes with this cytokine, it might be possible to mimic the morphological and functional characteristics of aged muscle in order to obtain a more accurate model for screening studies that account for the subject's age.…”

Minimal invasive chin and jawline improvement in women in the second half of their life

“…Progressive sagging skin, malar fat absorption, and bone resorption are involved in the aging of the lower third of the face and lead to a loss of definition of the jaw. 1,2 We report on the injection of "dermal" fillers for the enhancement of the jawline and chin in female patients aged ≥50 years. In a retrospective, nonblinded evaluation, 52 Caucasian women between 50 and 95 years (median age [61 ± 10.7] years) were analyzed.…”