Role of Adipokines in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the greatest cause of death, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths worldwide. The increase in obesity rates over 3 decades is widespread and threatens the public health in both developed and developing countries. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of visceral fat, causes the clustering of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, culminating in the development of CVD. Adipose tissue is not only an energy storage organ, but an active endocrine tissue producing various biologically active proteins known as adipokines. Since leptin, a central regulator of food intake and energy expenditure, was demonstrated to be an adipose-specific adipokine, attention has focused on the identification and characterization of unknown adipokines to clarify the mechanisms underlying obesity-related disorders. Numerous adipokines have been identified in the past 2 decades; most adipokines are upregulated in the obese state. Adipokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and resistin are pro-inflammatory, and exacerbate various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, a small number of adipokines, including adiponectin, are decreased by obesity, and generally exhibit antiinflammatory properties and protective functions against obesity-related diseases. Collectively, an imbalance in the production of pro-and antiinflammatory adipokines in the obese condition results in multiple complications. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiologic roles of adipokines with cardiovascular protective properties.

Contrasting Effects of Adipokines on the Cytokine Production by Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Inhibitory Effects of Adiponectin

“…Most of them (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1b, leptin, and resistin) are pro-inflammatory and can alter lung function in a variety of ways (e.g. via the activation of vascular endothelial cells, airway fibroblasts, airway smooth muscle cells and airway epithelial cells) (Ouchi et al, 2011;Lau et al, 2017). On the contrary, levels of a few adipokines (including adiponectin (APN)) are low in obese individuals (Arita et al, 1999); these adipokines generally exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and protect against obesity-related diseases (Ouchi et al, 2011).…”

Investigation of carryover effect of prior fibre consumption on growth, serum and tissue metabolic markers in Ossabaw pigs fed a high‐fat diet

“…However, there was a carryover effect of inulin on the expression of inflammatory genes (TNFα and IL‐6) in the ileum as pigs fed inulin had lower expression of these two genes, irrespective of the fat level in the growing phase. Both TNFα and IL‐6 are known pro‐inflammatory cytokines with adverse systemic and intestinal effects (Cohen & Sachar, ; Lau et al., ). Inflammatory cytokines affect tight junction protein expression and conductance (Nusrat, Turner, & Madara, ).…”

“…Both TNFα and IL-6 are known pro-inflammatory cytokines with adverse systemic and intestinal effects (Cohen & Sachar, 2017;Lau et al, 2017). Inflammatory cytokines affect tight junction protein expression and conductance (Nusrat, Turner, & Madara, 2000).…”

Relations of angiotensin-(1-7) with hemodynamic and cardiac structural and functional parameters in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes

“…It has been proved that T2D increases the cardiovascular risk 2-fold in men, 3-fold in women and the presence of hypertension further increases the risk 4-fold in patients with diabetes [1]. Nowadays, the scientists pay special attention to studying the influence of hormones, adipokines, endogenous peptides, and inflammation factors in the pathogenesis of both hypertension and diabetes [2][3][4].…”