ROLE AND OXIDATION PATHWAY OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID IN MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS

Sierra, Gonzalo; Gibbons, N. E.

doi:10.1139/m62-032

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…More recent experiments (36), however, favor NADPH rather than NADH as a reductant for bacteroid nitrogenase under physiological conditions. On the basis of published results (30), one would expect that acetoacetate, the product of BOHB oxidation, would be metabolized through the citric acid cycle in bacteroids, yielding additional reducing power, and ATP that could be utilized in the nitrogen fixation process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max) nodule bacteroids contain high concentrations of poly-,B-hydroxybutyrate and possess a depolymerase system that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polymer.Changes in poly-p-hydroxybutyrate content Evidence for the metabolic pathway of utilization of BOHB was provided by Sierra and Gibbons (30), who demonstrated that BOHB was oxidized to acetoacetate by crude extracts from M. halodenitrificans. Acetoacetate was further metabolized when ATP, Mg2+, coenzyme A, and oxaloacetate were added to the extracts, suggesting that acetyl-CoA was an intert mediate of the reaction and that utilization occurred through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

The catalysis of nitrogen reduction by cell-free extracts of nitrogen-fixing microogranisms and nodule bacteroids requires a supply of ATP (12,23,25) and an appropriate reductant (4,8, 12,14,25).

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in poly-p-hydroxybutyrate content Evidence for the metabolic pathway of utilization of BOHB was provided by Sierra and Gibbons (30), who demonstrated that BOHB was oxidized to acetoacetate by crude extracts from M. halodenitrificans. Acetoacetate was further metabolized when ATP, Mg2+, coenzyme A, and oxaloacetate were added to the extracts, suggesting that acetyl-CoA was an intert mediate of the reaction and that utilization occurred through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.…”

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Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Utilization by Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Nodules and Assessment of Its Role in Maintenance of Nitrogenase Activity

1971

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Soybean (Glycine max) nodule bacteroids contain high concentrations of poly-,B-hydroxybutyrate and possess a depolymerase system that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polymer.Changes in poly-p-hydroxybutyrate content Evidence for the metabolic pathway of utilization of BOHB was provided by Sierra and Gibbons (30), who demonstrated that BOHB was oxidized to acetoacetate by crude extracts from M. halodenitrificans. Acetoacetate was further metabolized when ATP, Mg2+, coenzyme A, and oxaloacetate were added to the extracts, suggesting that acetyl-CoA was an intert mediate of the reaction and that utilization occurred through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.The catalysis of nitrogen reduction by cell-free extracts of nitrogen-fixing microogranisms and nodule bacteroids requires a supply of ATP (12,23,25) and an appropriate reductant (4,8, 12,14,25). It has been estimated (3, 10) that 3 to 19 mg of carbohydrate are consumed by legume root nodules for each milligram of N2 fixed. Moreover, two or more carbon atoms are required for the export of each fixed nitrogen atom, in the forms of amino acids and amides, from the nodules to the host (33).It has been established that up to 50% of the dry weight of Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids consists of PHB (14), and that /3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation in in vitro experiments is capable of supplying the electrons for the support of bacteroid nitrogenase activity (14). The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to study the utilization of PHB in soybean root nodules and to assess the possible role of the polymer as a source of energy for maintenance of nitrogenase activity in nodule bacteroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS CHEMICALSReagent grade chemicals or those of the highest grade available were obtained from commercial sources. NAD, sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, DL-isocitrate lactone (hydrolyzed as recommended by the manufacturer), 2-mercaptoethanol, EDTA, 750 www.plantphysiol.org on May 9, 2018 -Published by Downloaded from

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

The catalysis of nitrogen reduction by cell-free extracts of nitrogen-fixing microogranisms and nodule bacteroids requires a supply of ATP (12,23,25) and an appropriate reductant (4,8, 12,14,25).

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Utilization by Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Nodules and Assessment of Its Role in Maintenance of Nitrogenase Activity

1971

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“…Specialized reserve materials impart some survival advantage to the organism since these are degraded preferentially (Sierra & Gibbons, 1962;van Houte & Jansen, 1970). However, many organisms possessing such reserves are not truly starvation-resistant for long periods of time when compared with the coryneform bacteria (Boylen & Ensign, 1970a;Luscombe & Gray, 1974;Robertson & Batt, 1973 ;Zevenhuizen, 1966).…”

Section: W Boylen a N D M H M U L K Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The Survival of Coryneform Bacteria during Periods of Prolonged Nutrient Starvation

Boylen

Mulks

1978

Journal of General Microbiology

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Cultures of 16 coryneform bacteria were grown to late-exponential stage in nutrient media, washed, and starved in 30 mwpotassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, with no external energy or carbon source. After 4 weeks starvation, 20 to 98 yo of each culture was still viable; after 8 weeks, 5 to 70% of each culture was still viable. Little change in cell shape or size was detected in Arthrobacter globiformis, A . nicotianae, Brevibacterium linens, Corynebacterium fascians, Mycobacterium rhodochrous and Nocardia roseum when studied by electron microscopy for up to 56 d, although there was a gradual disappearance of intracellular material. No resting structures were discernible. All organisms showed an immediate decrease in endogenous respiration to less than 1 of that observed during growth. A low basal level of endogenous metabolism equivalent to 0.01 to 0.03 % of cellular carbon oxidized to C 0 2 h-l was maintained for 56 d. Carbohydrate, intracellular pools, protein, ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid were utilized at varying rates by different organisms during this period. All species were effective in maintaining 20 to 70% of their Mg2+ content during a 28 d starvation period in the absence of any external Mg2+. It would appear that the soil coryneform bacteria possess similar survival characteristics in laboratory studies which could explain, in part, their ecological success in natural environments.

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“…The breakdown of a reserve may help to preserve viability by providing the so-called energy of maintenance, the necessity of which has been shown by Mallette (1963) and by Marr, Wilson & Clark (1963). It is (Sierra & Gibbons, 1962). …”

Section: Breakdown Of Glycogen and Pol Y -B-h Ydroxybut Yrate The Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon and Energy Storage in Bacteria

Wilkinson

1963

Journal of General Microbiology

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Many compounds have been assumed to act as storage materials in bacteria. Those most commonly implicated as specialized carbon and energy reserves are intracellular polysaccharides particularly polyglucoses such as glycogen and starch, and lipids, particularly poly-P-hydroxybutyrate (reviewed by Wilkinson, 1959). The evidence available suggests that polyglucoses and lipids act as alternative reserves depending upon the bacterial species and upon the nature of the carbon and energy source in the environment. Thus all the enterobacteria can store glycogen while most Bacillus species can store poly-P-hydroxybutyrate. On the other hand, Stanier, Doudoroff, Kunisawa & Contopoulou (1959) have shown that the product of photosynthetic assimilation in RhodospiriZZum rubrum depends on the substrate used.Acetate and butyrate were converted to poly-P-hydroxybutyrate while malate or succinate formed a polyglucose. It is probable that the ability to form such alternative reserves is common among bacteria. Dagley & Johnson (1953) studied lipid and polysaccharide production in Escherichia coZi and showed that while acetate stimulated lipid production and depressed polysaccharide production, glucose had the opposite effect. Similarly, BaciZZus megaterium synthesizes an appreciable amount of glycogen as well as poly-P-hydroxybutyrate (Barry, Gavard, Milhaud & Aubert, 1953). It can be expected that a carbon and energy reserve will be synthesized or broken down depending upon whether there is an excess or a deficiency of the carbon and energy sources available. As examples, glycogen synthesis in E. coZi and poly-P-hydroxybutyrate synthesis in B. megaterium will be considered. Synthesis of glycogen and poly-P-hydroxybutyrateBoth glycogen and poly-P-hydroxybutyrate can accumulate in large amounts within the cell, particularly in the stationary phase when growth is limited by a deficiency of some factor other than the carbon and energy source. Thus, in a nitrogen-deficient medium, Escherichia coli can synthesize as much as 20% of its dry weight as glycogen (Holme & Palmstierna, 1956b) and BaciZlus megaterium as much as 40 yo of its dry weight as poly-fl-hydroxybutyrate (Macrae & Wilkinson, 1958a). This accumulation is the result of an unbalanced growth in the stationary phase and is equivalent to conditions in a washed suspension provided with a suitable carbon and energy source. However, these large amounts are produced only under abnormal conditions analogous to what Foster (1947) has called a ' hothouse ' environment. Do glycogen and poly-P-hydroxybutyrate occur in appreciable quantities in cells grown under conditions analogous to those occurring in nature? It is difficult to reproduce in the laboratory natural conditions for organisms like E. coEi and B. megaterium. For example, the supply of the carbon and energy source will probably be intermittent. However, glycogen and poly-P-hydroxybutyrate

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ROLE AND OXIDATION PATHWAY OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID IN MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Utilization by Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Nodules and Assessment of Its Role in Maintenance of Nitrogenase Activity

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Utilization by Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Nodules and Assessment of Its Role in Maintenance of Nitrogenase Activity

The Survival of Coryneform Bacteria during Periods of Prolonged Nutrient Starvation

Carbon and Energy Storage in Bacteria

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