Role and integration of mechanisms controlling gastric emptying

Horowitz, Michael; Dent, John; Fraser, Robert; Sun, Weiming; Hebbard, Geoffrey

doi:10.1007/bf02300360

Cited by 113 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This is in accordance with results from Björck (1996, 1998) showing that the presence of acetic acid but not lactic acid lowered the postprandial appearance of paracetamol in the blood, indicative of a delay in gastric emptying rate in the case of acetic acid. In addition to organic acids, the rate of gastric emptying can also be influenced by volume, caloric content, viscosity, density and particle size of the gastric content (Horowitz et al, 1994). Some peptides that are released in the small intestine, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), amylin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), have also been shown to be involved in the regulation of the gastric emptying rate (Hellström & Näslund, 2001;Feinle et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate the potential of acetic acid supplementation as a means of lowering the glycaemic index (GI) of a bread meal, and to evaluate the possible dose-response effect on postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and satiety. Subjects and setting: In all, 12 healthy volunteers participated and the tests were performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. Intervention: Three levels of vinegar (18, 23 and 28 mmol acetic acid) were served with a portion of white wheat bread containing 50 g available carbohydrates as breakfast in randomized order after an overnight fast. Bread served without vinegar was used as a reference meal. Blood samples were taken during 120 min for analysis of glucose and insulin. Satiety was measured with a subjective rating scale. Results: A significant dose-response relation was seen at 30 min for blood glucose and serum insulin responses; the higher the acetic acid level, the lower the metabolic responses. Furthermore, the rating of satiety was directly related to the acetic acid level. Compared with the reference meal, the highest level of vinegar significantly lowered the blood glucose response at 30 and 45 min, the insulin response at 15 and 30 min as well as increased the satiety score at 30, 90 and 120 min postprandially. The low and intermediate levels of vinegar also lowered the 30 min glucose and the 15 min insulin responses significantly compared with the reference meal. When GI and II (insulinaemic indices) were calculated using the 90 min incremental area, a significant lowering was found for the highest amount of acetic acid, although the corresponding values calculated at 120 min did not differ from the reference meal. Conclusion: Supplementation of a meal based on white wheat bread with vinegar reduced postprandial responses of blood glucose and insulin, and increased the subjective rating of satiety. There was an inverse dose-response relation between the level of acetic acid and glucose and insulin responses and a linear dose-response relation between acetic acid and satiety rating. The results indicate an interesting potential of fermented and pickled products containing acetic acid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects

et al. 2005

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“…The rate of gastric emptying highly depends on the composition and macronutrient content of a meal. Fundamental differences exist in patterns of gastric emptying of liquids and solids; the emptying of digestible solid components of a meal comprises an initial lag phase of 20-40 min, when solids are ground into small particles, followed by an emptying phase, which approximates an overall linear pattern (16). In contrast, low-nutrient liquids empty in a monoexponential pattern without a significant lag phase, which changes to a linear pattern as nutrient density increases.…”

Section: Roles Of the Stomachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of the Gut in Glucose Homeostasis

et al. 2016

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The gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in the regulation of postprandial glucose profiles. Gastric emptying is a highly regulated process, which normally ensures a limited and fairly constant delivery of nutrients and glucose to the proximal gut. The subsequent digestion and absorption of nutrients are associated with the release of a set of hormones that feeds back to regulate subsequent gastric emptying and regulates the release of insulin, resulting in downregulation of hepatic glucose production and deposition of glucose in insulin-sensitive tissues. These remarkable mechanisms normally keep postprandial glucose excursions low, regardless of the load of glucose ingested. When the regulation of emptying is perturbed (e.g., pyloroplasty, gastric sleeve or gastric bypass operation), postprandial glycemia may reach high levels, sometimes followed by profound hypoglycemia. This article discusses the underlying mechanisms.

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“…In the present study, RA ext had no significant effect on gastric emptying in normal mice, but it had an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying in mice under neostigmine treatment. The organization of gastric emptying is complex and involves the coordination of motor activity in the proximal stomach, the antrum, the pylorus, and duodenum, as well as passive forces generated by intragastric volume and gravity (Horowit et al, 1994;Moran et al, 1999). The tonus of the sphincter is a determinant factor of gastric emptying rate (Ishiguchi et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal effect of methanol extract ofRadix Aucklandiaeand selected active substances on the transit activity of rat isolated intestinal strips

Guo

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2014

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Context: Radix Aucklandiae, the dry rhizome of Aucklandia lappa Decne (Asteraceae), enjoyed traditional popularity for its antidiarrheal effects. Although there are many investigations on its chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions, few studies explaining its activity and mechanism in gastrointestinal disorders are available. Objective: In this paper, we focused on the effects of the methanol extract of R. Aucklandiae (RA ext) on gastrointestinal tract, so as to assess some of the possible mechanisms involved in the clinical treatment. Materials and methods: In vivo, in neostigmine-induced mice and normal mice, after intragastric administration, RA ext (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg) was studied on gastrointestinal transit including gastric emptying and small intestinal motility. Meanwhile, in vitro, the effect of it (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/mL) on the isolated tissue preparations of rat jejunum was also investigated, as well as costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone which were the main constituents. Results: In vivo, the gastric emptying increased and intestinal transit decreased after the administration of RA ext in normal mice. However, RA ext inhibited the gastric emptying and the intestinal transit throughout the concentrations in neostigmine-induced mice. In vitro, RA ext caused inhibitory effect on the spontaneous contraction of rat-isolated jejunum in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL, and it also relaxed the acetylcholine chloride (Ach, 10 À5 M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 200 mM)-induced, and K + (60 mM)-induced contractions. RA ext shifted the Ca 2+ concentration-response curves to right, similar to that caused by verapamil (0.025 mM). The Ca 2+ concentration-response curves were shifted by costunolide (CO) (5.4, 8.1, and 10.8 mg/mL), dehydrocostuslactone (DE) (4.6, 6.9, and 9.2 mg/mL), costunolide-dehydrocostuslactone (CO-DE) (5. 4-4.6, 8.1-6.9, and 10.8-9.2 mg/mL) to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil (0.01 mM). Discussion and conclusion: These results indicate that RA ext played a spasmolytic role in gastrointestinal motility, which is probably mediated through the inhibition of muscarinic receptors, 5-HT receptors, and calcium influx. The presence of cholinergic and calcium antagonist constituents may be the compatibility of CO and DE. All these results provide a pharmacological basis for its clinical use in the gastrointestinal tract. KeywordsCholinergic and calcium antagonist, gastric emptying, intestinal smooth muscle, small intestinal motility History

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Role and integration of mechanisms controlling gastric emptying

Cited by 113 publications

References 50 publications

Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects

Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects

Roles of the Gut in Glucose Homeostasis

Gastrointestinal effect of methanol extract ofRadix Aucklandiaeand selected active substances on the transit activity of rat isolated intestinal strips

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