Rod and Cone Pathways in the Inner Plexiform Layer of Cat Retina

Kolb, Helga; Famiglietti, Edward V.

doi:10.1126/science.186.4158.47

Cited by 455 publications

(370 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The AI1 and Al 7 amacrine cells receive many synapses from the rod bipolar neuron (M. A. Freed, unpublished observations; Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974;Kolb and Nelson, 1983;Sterling, 1983); therefore it is plausible that pathways leading from the rod bipolar might carry the rod signal over the scotopic range of intensities (Sterling, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: functional architecture of the rod-cone network

Smith¹,

Freed²,

Sterling³

1986

J. Neurosci.

230

186

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The structure of the rod-cone network in the area centralis of cat retina was studied by reconstruction from serial electron micrographs. About 48 rods converge on each cone via gap junctions between the rod spherules and the basal processes of the cone pedicle. One rod diverges to 2.4 cones through these gap junctions, and each cone connects to 8 other cones, also through gap junctions. A static cable model of this network showed that at mesopic intensities, when all rods converging on a cone pedicle are continuously active, the collective rod signal would be efficiently conveyed to the pedicle. At scotopic intensities sufficiently low for only one of the converging rods to receive a single photon within its integration time, the quantal rod signal would be poorly transmitted to the cone pedicle. This is because the tiny signal would be dissipated by the large network into which the individual rod diverges. Under this condition, the rod signal would also be poorly conveyed to the rod spherule. If, however, the rods are electrically disconnected from the network, the quantal signal would be efficiently conveyed to the rod spherule. This analysis suggests that the rod signal is conveyed at mesopic intensities by the cone bipolar pathway and, at scotopic intensities, by the rod bipolar pathway, in accordance with the results of Nelson (1977, 1982; Nelson and Kolb, 1985).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: functional architecture of the rod-cone network

Smith¹,

Freed²,

Sterling³

1986

J. Neurosci.

230

186

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“…(Famiglietti and Kolb, 1975;Kolb 1979;Kolb and Famiglietti 1974;Strettoi et al, 1990Strettoi et al, , 1992. The synaptic input from rod bipolar cells is located at the arboreal dendrites in sublamina b of the IPL.…”

Section: The Aii Amacrine Cell In the Mammalian Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first evidence for potential electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells came from ultrastructural studies of cat retina (Famiglietti and Kolb, 1975;Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). These studies defined the AII amacrine cells as such and demonstrated several of their synaptic contacts.…”

Section: Homologous Gap Junctions Between Aii Amacrine Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the homologous junctions between AII amacrines, the first evidence for electrical synapses between AII amacrines and ON-cone bipolar cells also came from ultrastructural studies in cat retina (Famiglietti and Kolb, 1975;Kolb, 1979;Kolb and Famiglietti 1974), but has since been verified for several other mammalian retinas (Chun et al, 1993;Massey and Mills, 1999b;Tsukamoto et al, 2001;Wässle et al, 1995).…”

Section: Heterologous Gap Junctions Between Aii Amacrines and On-conementioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells in the retina: Function and modulation

Hartveit

Veruki

2012

Brain Research

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Adaptation enables the visual system to operate across a large range of background light intensities. There is evidence that one component of this adaptation is mediated by modulation of gap junctions functioning as electrical synapses, thereby tuning and functionally optimizing specific retinal microcircuits and pathways. The AII amacrine cell is an interneuron found in most mammalian retinas and plays a crucial role for processing visual signals in starlight, twilight and daylight. AII amacrine cells are connected to each other by gap junctions, potentially serving as a substrate for signal averaging and noise reduction, and there is evidence that the strength of electrical coupling is modulated by the level of background light. Whereas there is extensive knowledge concerning the retinal microcircuits that involve the AII amacrine cell, it is less clear which signaling pathways and intracellular transduction mechanisms are involved in modulating the junctional conductance between electrically coupled AII amacrine cells. Here we review the current state of knowledge, with a focus on recent evidence that suggests that the modulatory control involves activity-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the gap junction channels between AII amacrine cells, potentially linked to their intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics.

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“…Bipolar cell synaptic inputs account for 35% of the total observed. In addition, rod bipolar cell terminals, easily identified by their cytologic characteristics in mammalian retinae (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974;Famiglietti and Kolb, 1975;Kolb, 1979;McGuire et al, 1984McGuire et al, , 1986, did not synapse onto Y1-immunoreactive amacrine cell processes. These findings indicate that Y1-immunoreactive amacrine cell processes receive bipolar cell axonal input, although which cone bipolar cell types (Euler and Wässle, 1995;Hartveit, 1996) provide this input remains to be determined.…”

Section: Synaptic Connectivity Of Y1-immunoreactive Amacrine Cells Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of neuropeptide Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat retina and the synaptic connectivity of Y1 immunoreactive cells

D'Angelo¹,

Oh²,

Chun³

et al. 2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed by a moderately dense population of wide-field amacrine cells in the rat retina, acts through multiple (Y1-y6) G-protein-coupled receptors. This study determined the cellular localization of Y1 receptors and the synaptic connectivity of Y1 processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rat retina. Specific Y1 immunoreactivity was localized to horizontal cell bodies in the distal inner nuclear layer and their processes in the outer plexiform layer. Immunoreactivity was also prominent in cell processes located in strata 2 and 4, and puncta in strata 4 and 5 of the IPL. Double-label immunohistochemical experiments with calbindin, a horizontal cell marker, confirmed Y1 immunostaining in all horizontal cells. Double-label immunohistochemical experiments, using antibodies to choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter to label cholinergic amacrine cell processes, demonstrated that Y1 immunoreactivity in strata 2 and 4 of the IPL was localized to cholinergic amacrine cell processes. Electron microscopic studies of the inner retina showed that Y1-immunostained amacrine cell processes and puncta received synaptic inputs from unlabeled amacrine cell processes (65.2%) and bipolar cell axon terminals (34.8%). Y1-immunoreactive amacrine cell processes most frequently formed synaptic outputs onto unlabeled amacrine cell processes (34.0%) and ganglion cell dendrites (54.1%). NPY immunoreactivity in the rat retina is distributed primarily to strata 1 and 5 of the IPL, and the present findings, thus, suggest that NPY acts in a paracrine manner on Y1 receptors to influence both horizontal and amacrine cells. Indexing termsamacrine cells; choline acetyltransferase; calcium binding protein; horizontal cells; neuropeptides Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has multiple physiologic actions in both the central and peripheral nervous system, including effects on blood flow, memory retention, food intake, epilepsy, and pain (Lundberg et al., 1996;Munglani et al., 1996;Balasubramaniam, 1997;Blomqvist and Herzog, 1997;Thorsell et al., 2000;Furtinger et al., 2001;Naveilhan et al., 2001). These NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript effects are mediated by means of at least five G-protein-coupled receptors, designated as Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and y6, which are coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory Gproteins (Lundberg et al., 1996;Munglani et al., 1996;Balasubramaniam, 1997;Blomqvist and Herzog, 1997;Michel et al., 1998). Y-receptors have been localized to specific regions of the central and peripheral nervous system by receptor binding autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization (Zhang et al., 1994;Bao et al., 1997;Jacques et al., 1997;Dumont et al., 1998;Hökfelt et al., 1998;Gackenheimer et al., 2001). Y1 receptor is the most studied Y-receptor and it plays key roles in many of the central and peripheral effects of NPY (Lundberg et al., 1996;Munglani et al., 1996;Balasubramaniam, 1997;Blomqvist and H...

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Rod and Cone Pathways in the Inner Plexiform Layer of Cat Retina

Cited by 455 publications

References 15 publications

Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: functional architecture of the rod-cone network

Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: functional architecture of the rod-cone network

Electrical synapses between AII amacrine cells in the retina: Function and modulation

Localization of neuropeptide Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat retina and the synaptic connectivity of Y1 immunoreactive cells

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