“…Nonetheless, adopting green propellants does not imply that these propellants represent entirely clean alternatives without any negative impacts on the environment. Given that all launch vehicles produce exhaust which typically may include [32][33][34] water vapor, alumina, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, inorganic chlorine, sulfates, and soot, it is evident that green propellants do equally impact the environment. However, they generally tend to be easier and safer to handle than conventional propellants, resulting in reduced costs associated with propellant storage, transport, on-ground operations and in spacecraft development.…”