Rocket observations of solar protons during the November 1960 events, 1

Abstract

In this paper we describe the results of three Nike‐Cajun rocket flights made during the November 12, 1960, solar proton event. By means of Geiger counter and scintillation counter measurements the spectrum of protons has been extended downward in energy to 0.2 Mev. A group of particles with energy between 0.2 and 1 Mev has been found, and it is suggested that this group may not be part of the flare‐accelerated spectrum, but may be associated with the plasma in the earth‐sun region. The spectrum in the low‐energy region above 1 Mev cannot be represented by a simple extrapolation of the spectrum at higher energies as observed, for instance, by means of balloons.

The Anomalous Entry of Low-Rigidity Solar Cosmic Rays into the Geomagnetic Field

“…Therefore, if the boundary is at Ts = 8.0a, the minimum latitude attained by 500-kev protons during quiet periods is approximately ep = 69.3 0 (or L = 8.0). We note that Ogilvie, Bryant, and Daoie [1962] and Davis and Ogilvie [1962] observed protons of energies between 200 kev and 1 Mev over Churchill (geomagnetic latitude (and 1> -~Hs) relation for f = 1.3 is also shown. It seems that such an increase does not change our earlier conclusion significantly.…”

“…rOckets, and satellites [Anderson and Enemark, Figure 1 gives a simplified view of effects (a) 1960; Winckler and Bhavsar, 1960;Winckler, and (b) above. Open circles represent observahavsar, and Peterson, 1961;Ogilvie et al, 1962; tions before the sudden commencement of magan Pieper et al, netic storms or during relatively quiet periods;Maehlum and O'Brien, 1962; Hofmann and closed circles represent observations during in- 'Winckler, 1963;Lin and Van Allen, 1(63) has tense storms. Confirmed the early work and has shown con-Some years before the discovery of the anomelusively that effective geomagnetic cutoffs: alous arrival of solar cosmic rays, the influence (a) are significantly less, even during mag-of a terrestrial ring current on geomagnetic eticalJY quiet periods, than those given either cutoffs had been studied theoretically by Treiman y the Stormer theory or by detailed calculation [1953) and Ray [Hl56).…”

Ionospheric absorption of cosmic radio noise

“…A steepening with time has also been observed by means of rockets (OGILVIE et aL, 1962). (After AXrORD and R~D, 1962.)…”

Rocket observations of solar protons during the November 1960 events: 2.

“…In part i [Ogilvie, Bryant, and Davis, 1962] we discussed the results of rocket shots during the November 12 event; here we describe the four rocket shots during the November 15 event. Nike-Cajun rockets were fired during these events to an altitude of about 130 km, each carrying two scintillation counters and a Geiger counter.…”

“…They will be described fully by Fichtel and Guss. The details of the apparatus and method of analysis have already been described [Davis, Fichtel, Guss, and Ogilvie, 1961;Ogilvie, Bryant, and Davis, 1962], and we shall not repeat them here, since there is no difference in the method of treatment.…”