Rock Damage and Aquifer Property Estimation from Water Level Fluctuations in Wells Induced by Seismic Waves: A Case Study in X10 Well, Xinjiang, China

Abstract

There is a coupling relationship between surrounding rock stress, deformation, and fracture evolution, especially in the microdynamics of the crust caused by mining activities and earthquakes. Previous research has investigated many cases regarding the coseismal water level responses and proposed a method to calculate the aquifer parameters by tidal analysis. However, to date, measurement of the degree of rock damage in the field has not been reported. Quantifying the fracture characteristics is essential for accurate evaluation of rock stability. This study has analyzed the relationship between the seismograms and hydroseismograms in response to the Mw 7.8 Solomon Islands earthquake and the Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, both events occurring in 2016. The calculated and measured changes in water level in the X10 well were fitted in order to study the relationships among the volumetric strain, the deviatoric strain, and the oscillations in the pore pressure. Then, we further estimate the degree of rock damage and the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer. The results showed that the values for the rock damage parameter, 0.662 < αD < 0.754, and the Skempton coefficient, −0.100 < A < 0.026, estimated for the Solomon Islands earthquake signified higher damage and dilatancy in the X10 well. Also, the respective values for the parameters, 0.293 < αD < 0.363 and 0.226 < A < 0.251, calculated for the Kaikōura earthquake signified a lower degree of rock damage. It is concluded that the changes in the pore pressure were influenced by both the volumetric strain and the deviatoric strain. The degree of rock damage and the hydraulic properties of the aquifer estimated from the water level fluctuations in the wells which were induced by the seismic waves represent the actual aquifer characteristics.

2D Cobalt Chalcogenide Heteronanostructures Enable Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Hydrogen not only has high energy density, but also releases zero carbon emission during combustion, which can address the current challenges in the growing demand for clean energy and the decreasing carbon dioxide emission compared to transitional fossil fuels. [1][2][3][4][5] At present, hydrogen production mainly includes fossil fuel and nuclear hydrogen production, chemical by-product extraction, and sustainable energy hydrogen production. [6,7] Among various types of the strategies, electrochemical hydrogen evolution has attracted a great of worldwide attentions due to its high electricity-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency.…”