Robust, Sensitive, and Inexpensive 2D Focal Plane Array Upconverting MMW Imaging Into the Visible

Rozban, Daniel; Aharon, Avihai; Abramovich, Amir; Yitzhaky, Yitzhak; Altan, Hakan; Kopeika, Norman S.

doi:10.1109/lpt.2019.2906546

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The imaging results shown here were carried out using the side configuration of GDD with an exposure time of 19.45 ms. In the previous work [8], 10,000 frames were captured at a rate of 30 frames per second (FPS) to produce the MMW image as a result of the radiation incident on GDD. The DC background light from the GDD was found to be a bottleneck in filtering these from the MMW-influenced light emission from the GDD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a GDD focal plane array, the CCD camera provides a means of recording the MMW image from all the GDD pixels simultaneously. In this up-conversion process, the individual GDD MMW detection is close to the speed of light [8] since the detected signal is an optical wave instead of current as in electronic detection which is limited in speed by the parasitic impedance of GDD electrodes. Therefore, recording the detected signal with the CCD can permit very high frame rates.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast and sensitive MMW imaging system with up-conversion readout working in the NIR zone

Kurup

Rozban

Kopeika

et al. 2023

Radar Sensor Technology XXVII

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Focal plane arrays (FPA) constructed using glow discharge detectors (GDD) as the pixel elements proved to be an inexpensive methodology for generating MMW (millimeter wave)/THz (terahertz) images. In the abnormal glow mode of operation, the weakly ionized plasma (WIP) in GDDs can be more responsive while interacting with the incident MMW/THz radiations. It has explicitly been found that the major influence of MMW/THz radiation on the emitted light spectrum from the GDD is located in the near-infrared (NIR) zone of the electromagnetic spectrum which is around 800 nm– 1000 nm. Also, there is no influence of the MMW/THz on the visual band ranging from 500 nm–600 nm emitted from the GDD. The up-conversion method utilized here refers to the detection of variations in the intensity of emitted light from the GDD due to the incident MMW radiation. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is employed here to generate MMW/THz images by capturing the light output from the GDD pixel elements on the FPA located in the image plane. The DC bias voltage emitted light from the GDD is much stronger than the modulated light produced as a result of the incident MMW/THz radiation. The major challenge of this work is to measure this minute variation in the GDD light output caused by the MMW/THz radiation and to distinguish it from the intense DC bias operation light of the GDD. For achieving this, we propose using an optical long-pass filter as a part of the CCD camera component, thus enhancing the performance of the suggested up-conversion method. The addition of the long-pass filter eliminates most of the highly intense visual spectrum from the light output of the GDD, thereby decreasing noise and making the up-conversion imaging more effective. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of implementing GDD-based FPAs using up-conversion readout for MMW/THz imaging applications in the NIR regime by testing with a single GDD whose detection impact was captured using a CCD camera whose zoom lens was coupled with a long pass optical filter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast and sensitive MMW imaging system with up-conversion readout working in the NIR zone

Kurup

Rozban

Kopeika

et al. 2023

Radar Sensor Technology XXVII

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“…where B = 1 MHz is bandwidth of the LTF [26]. Note that the GDD modulation bandwidth is very high, on the order of several GHz [12,18], attesting to the GDD speed of response. In these speed measurements, speed was limited by the optoelectronic detector and not by the GDD plasma.…”

Section: Noise and Noise Equivalent Power Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The glow discharge detector (GDD) was found to be one of the typical MMW/THz radiation detectors [3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and pixels in focal plane arrays [13][14][15][16][17][18] but is orders of magnitude less expensive compared to other known MMW/THz sensors [1]. This is particularly important for detector arrays as in imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two detection methods of the GDD were investigated: the first is the electrical current method [3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11], in which the changes in the bias current of the GDD due to incident MMW/THz radiation were measured. The second is the optical up-conversion method [12,18], in which the changes in the emitted light of the GDD due to the incident MMW/THz radiation were measured using a standard optical sensor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Enhancement of Inexpensive Glow Discharge Detector Operating in Up-Conversion Mode in Millimeter Wave Detection for Focal Plane Arrays

et al. 2021

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Performance enhancement of a very inexpensive millimeter-wave (MMW)/terahertz (THz) sensor for MMW/THz imaging systems is experimentally demonstrated in this study. The MMW sensor is composed of a glow discharge detector (GDD) and a light-to-frequency (LTF) converter combination. The experimental results given in this study show an improvement in the performance parameters of the detector element, such as the minimum detectable signal, as well as the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the noise equivalent power (NEP), when a NIR long-pass filter was inserted between the GDD and the LTF combination. A detailed derivation of the NEP of this unique sensor is presented in this work. Based on this derivation and the experimental measurements, the NEP value was calculated.

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Precise 2D and 3D Fluoroscopic Imaging by Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar

Wang,

Su,

Fukuda

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Robust, Sensitive, and Inexpensive 2D Focal Plane Array Upconverting MMW Imaging Into the Visible

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Fast and sensitive MMW imaging system with up-conversion readout working in the NIR zone

Fast and sensitive MMW imaging system with up-conversion readout working in the NIR zone

Performance Enhancement of Inexpensive Glow Discharge Detector Operating in Up-Conversion Mode in Millimeter Wave Detection for Focal Plane Arrays

Precise 2D and 3D Fluoroscopic Imaging by Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar

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