Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) for monitoring earthquake prone areas by satellite TIR observations: The case of 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Taiwan)

Long-Term RST Analysis of Anomalous TIR Sequences in Relation with Earthquakes Occurred in Greece in the Period 2004–2013

“…This is the reason why (together with relative intensity) spatial extension and persistence in time are requirements to be satisfied in order to preliminarily identify what we call significant thermal anomalies (STAs). Like in all the previous applications to thermal monitoring of earthquake prone area (ALIANO et al 2007a(ALIANO et al , b, 2008a(ALIANO et al , b, c, 2009BONFANTI et al 2012;CORRADO et al 2005;DI BELLO et al 2004;FILIZZOLA et al 2004;GENZANO et al 2007GENZANO et al , 2009aGENZANO et al , b, 2010GENZANO et al , 2015LISI et al 2010;PERGOLA et al 2010;PULINETS et al 2007;TRAMUTOLI et al 2001TRAMUTOLI et al , 2005TRAMUTOLI et al , 2009TRAMUTOLI et al , 2012aTRAMUTOLI et al , b, 2013aTRAMUTOLI et al , b, 2015b TA highlighted by RST methodology have been subjected to such a preliminary space-time persistence analysis before it was qualified among STAs.…”

“…In order to evaluate the possible correlations existing among the appearance of SSTAs and time, location and magnitude of earthquakes, empirical rules were applied which were mostly based on the long-term (more than 14 years) experience on TAM analyses (ALIANO et al 2007a(ALIANO et al , b, 2008a(ALIANO et al , b, c, 2009BONFANTI et al 2012;CORRADO et al 2005;DI BELLO et al 2004;FILIZZOLA et al 2004;GENZANO et al 2007GENZANO et al , 2009aGENZANO et al , b, 2010GENZANO et al , 2015LISI et al 2010;PERGOLA et al 2010;PULINETS et al 2007;TRAMUTOLI et al 2001TRAMUTOLI et al , 2005TRAMUTOLI et al , 2009TRAMUTOLI et al , 2012aTRAMUTOLI et al , b, 2013aTRAMUTOLI et al , 2015b performed by authors in four different continents, different tectonic settings, for tens of earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 4.0 to 7.9.…”

“…The fluctuations of Earth's thermally emitted radiation, as measured by satellite sensors operating in the thermal infrared (TIR, e.g., WANG and ZHU 1984;GORNY et al 1988;QIANG et al 1991;TRONIN 1996;TRAMUTOLI et al 2001TRAMUTOLI et al , 2015aOUZOUNOV and FREUND 2004 and reference herein) as well as in the longwaves (OLR, e.g., OUZOUNOV et al 2007 and reference herein) spectral range, have been proposed since long time as potential earthquake precursors. However, very refined data analysis techniques are required in order to isolate residual TIR variations, potentially associated with earthquake occurrence, from the normal variability of TIR signal due to other causes (see for instance TRAMUTOLI et al 2005).…”

“…RST intrinsic exportability permitted its implementation on TIR images acquired by sensors on board of different polar (see DI BELLO et al 2004;FILIZZOLA et al 2004;LISI et al 2010;PERGOLA et al 2010;TRAMUTOLI et al 2001) and geostationary satellites (see ALIANO et al 2007aALIANO et al , b, 2008aALIANO et al , b, c, 2009CORRADO et al 2005;GENZANO et al 2007GENZANO et al , 2009aGENZANO et al , b, 2010GENZANO et al , 2015TRAMUTOLI et al 2005).…”

Earth’s Outgoing Longwave Radiation Variability Prior to M ≥6.0 Earthquakes in the Taiwan Area During 2009–2019

“…Analysis of the thermal anomaly phenomenon using satellite techniques for monitoring seismically active regions has been carried out since the 1980s (Gorny et al, 1988). Many studies have reported that thermal anomalous space-time transients were detected in the OLR or thermal infrared radiation (TIR) before and/or during the earthquake preparation stage (Tronin, 1996(Tronin, , 2000Tramutoli et al, 2001Tramutoli et al, , 2005Tramutoli et al, , 2009Tramutoli et al, , 2013Di Bello et al, 2004;Ouzounov and Freund, 2004;Ouzounov et al, 2006Ouzounov et al, , 2007Pulinets et al, 2006;Genzano et al, 2007Genzano et al, , 2009Genzano et al, , 2010Genzano et al, , 2015Pulinets and Dunajeck, 2007;Aliano et al, 2008a,b;Pergola et al, 2010;Xiong et al, 2010Xiong et al, , 2013Xiong et al, , 2015Pulinets and Ouzounov, 2011;Jing et al, 2012;Lisi et al, 2015;Xiong and Shen, 2017;Khalili et al, 2019Khalili et al, , 2020. The main mechanisms proposed for the temperature increase are (1) the emission of diffuse gases (e.g., radon and CO 2 ) leading to a local greenhouse effect or near-ground air ionization to release heat (Tronin, 2002;Pulinets et al, 2006;Tramutoli et al, 2009Tramutoli et al, , 2013Koll and Cronin, 2018) and (2) positive hole charge or the excitation of an electric field from the stressed rock resulting in infrared emission and energy flow (Ouzounov and Freund, 2004;Freund, 2007a,b;Freun...…”